- 行业: Weather
- Number of terms: 60695
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The American Meteorological Society promotes the development and dissemination of information and education on the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences and the advancement of their professional applications. Founded in 1919, AMS has a membership of more than 14,000 professionals, ...
Occurrence of fog or haze in which considerable amounts of acidic material have been taken up from the gas phase, resulting in pH values less than approximately 3 in the liquid phase.
Industry:Weather
The accumulation of an acidic chemical from the atmosphere to the surface of the earth, or to plants and structures at the surface. Acids have high concentrations of hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, indicated by a pH less than 7. Acids can corrode metals, dissolve some types of rocks such as limestone, injure plants, and exacerbate some conditions in humans and animals. Acid deposition can occur in two forms: 1) wet deposition including acid rain, acid snow, acid hail, acid dew, acid frost, and acid fog; and 2) dry deposition including fallout of heavy particles, gravitational settling of lighter particles, and interception by and reaction with plant surfaces. Sometimes all forms of acid deposition are loosely called acid rain, although literally acid rain refers only to the liquid form. Ambient carbon dioxide, always present in the air, dissolves in cloud drops and raindrops creating carbonic acid with pH ≈ 5. 6. Because this is a normal occurrence in the atmosphere, rain is defined to be acid rain only when it has pH < 5. 6. However, even in remote areas, there are sufficient sulfate, nitrate, ammonia, or soil cations (calcium or magnesium that are typically associated with carbonates) to cause “clean” atmospheric water to have pH in the range of 4. 5–5. 5. Polluted regions typically have pH in the range of 3–4, with values as low as 2–3. The chemicals that cause the greatest acid-deposition problems are oxides of sulfur (abbreviated as SOx) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx), which can react in the presence of atmospheric oxidants and water (e.g., clouds, fog and precipitation) to become sulfuric acid and nitric acid, respectively. These strong acids have an affinity for water, allowing droplets to grow hygroscopically in the atmosphere to produce haze or smog, even at relative humidities as low as 60% to 70%.
Industry:Weather
“Freshwater ice consisting of numerous long crystals and hollow tubes having variable form, layered arrangement, and a content of air bubbles. This ice often forms at the bottom of an ice layer near its contact with water. ”(from Glossary of Arctic and Subarctic Terms (1955)).
Industry:Weather
Chemical also known as methyl cyanide, formula CH<sub>3</sub>CN. It is emitted from incomplete combustion of vegetable matter, notably biomass, for example, cigarettes. Acetonitrile is relatively unreactive in the troposphere and thus reaches the stratosphere, where it participates in ion–molecule reactions.
Industry:Weather
Unsaturated hydrocarbon, formula C2H2, systematic name ethyne; member of the alkyne family; major component of incomplete combustion.
Industry:Weather
Simplest ketone molecule, formula CH<sub>3</sub>COCH<sub>3</sub>, formed in the oxidation of propane and several larger hydrocarbons; used widely as an organic solvent, due to its high miscibility with water. Its photolysis is believed to be an important source of odd hydrogen radicals in the troposphere above the boundary layer.
Industry:Weather
