- 行业: Weather
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The American Meteorological Society promotes the development and dissemination of information and education on the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences and the advancement of their professional applications. Founded in 1919, AMS has a membership of more than 14,000 professionals, ...
That portion of the glacier surface above the firn line where the accumulation exceeds ablation; the opposite of ablation area.
Industry:Weather
1. See snow accumulation. 2. In glaciology, the quantity of snow or other solid form of water added to a glacier or snowfield by alimentation; the opposite of ablation.
Industry:Weather
In Great Britain, the accumulated excess of temperature above a given standard temperature. It is expressed in degree-hours or degree-days. For each day, degree-hours are determined as the product of the length of time, in hours, during which temperatures are above the standard, and the amount, in degrees, by which the mean temperature of the period exceeds the standard. Division of the resulting degree-hour value by 24 gives a value in degree-days. Summation of either over the period of interest creates the accumulated temperature. The concept of accumulated temperature was introduced into plant geography by A. De Candolle (1855); his standard temperature was 6°C (42. 8°F), below which he considered that no vegetative growth took place. It was introduced into agricultural meteorology in Britain in 1878, when accumulated temperatures in excess of 42°F were first published regularly in the Weekly Weather Report. These were calculated from the daily maximum and minimum temperatures. In heating calculations, a form of accumulated temperature is calculated as the number of degree-days below the standard, which is taken as 65°F in the United States and 60°F in Great Britain. Since the standard temperatures differ, degree-days are not interchangeable between the two countries.
Industry:Weather
1. (Sometimes incorrectly called coagulation. ) In cloud physics, usually the growth of an ice hydrometeor by collision with supercooled cloud drops that freeze wholly or partially upon contact. May also refer to the collection of smaller ice particles. This has been called a form of agglomeration and is analogous to coalescence, in which liquid drops collect other liquid drops. See ice accretion; compare coagulation. 2. In cloud modeling, the collection of cloud drops by drizzle drops and raindrops. This nomenclature is used along with autoconversion and self collection to distinguish among three subprocesses, evident from numerical results, responsible for the growth of the drop-size distribution by the collision–coalescence process.
Industry:Weather
1. (Also called acclimation. ) The process by which a living organism becomes adapted to a change of climatic environment. There has been a growing amount of research on the acclimatization of man to extreme environments such as polar and tropical regions and high altitudes. These studies are directed toward 1) determination of the internal physiological changes or skin changes produced by exposure to new climates, 2) determination of criteria for preselection (i.e., selecting the most adaptable type of man for a particular climate), and 3) development of external means of aiding adaptation (e. G. , preconditioning, and modification of habits, diet, and clothing). As to usage, “acclimatization” has long been considered to be equivalent to “acclimation. ” In some quarters, however, a fine distinction is drawn by calling “acclimation” a purely natural process (or state), and “acclimatization” a process (or state) influenced by human agency. The recent trend, at least in the United States, is to use “acclimatization” as the all-inclusive technical term, and to leave “acclimation” (which never was accepted in Great Britain) to more or less loose popular usage. 2. The state or degree of adaptation to climate.
Industry:Weather
1. Basically, same as acclimatization. 2. Adaptation of living organisms to all aspects of the environment, not just the climatic. Examples of acclimation would be adjustment of plants to growth at elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations or to soil water deficits.
Industry:Weather
A cloud form that is dependent, for its formation and continuation, upon the existence of one of the major cloud genera. It is often an appendage of the parent cloud (as mamma, incus, tuba, arcus), but it also may be an immediately adjacent cloudy mass (as pannus, pileus, velum).
Industry:Weather
Quantity of pollutants that a water body can accept without the pollution exceeding a specified level.
Industry:Weather
A range of values of a sample statistic used to test a hypothesis. In the testing procedure, the sampling region is divided into an acceptance region and a rejection region. If the sample statistic lies within the acceptance region, the null hypothesis (a hypothesis usually based on conventional theory) is provisionally accepted. If the sample statistic lies in the rejection region, the alternative hypothesis that contradicts the null hypothesis is accepted.
Industry:Weather
