- 行业: Weather
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The American Meteorological Society promotes the development and dissemination of information and education on the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences and the advancement of their professional applications. Founded in 1919, AMS has a membership of more than 14,000 professionals, ...
The average or mean value, computed from observations at various locations on a horizontal plane, an isobaric surface, or the earth's surface; sometimes used in the study of atmospheric turbulence as a surrogate for the ensemble average. In the real atmosphere, area averages can be acquired using remote sensors such as radar, sodar, and lidar, or they can be approximated using an appropriate flight track of a research aircraft. In numerical models, area averages can be computed using data from grid points at a constant model level. See ergodic condition.
Industry:Weather
A dense and horizontal roll cloud or wedge-shaped accessory cloud, sometimes appearing ragged and turbulent and other times smooth, occasionally with multiple layers. It is seen most often in association with cumulonimbus clouds on the leading edge of a gust front. When extensive and approaching, it gives the appearance of a menacing arch. It may also occur with fronts in the absence of a cumulonimbus or in the absence of any thermal boundary. See morning glory.
Industry:Weather
The preparation of equipment for operation in an environment of extremely low temperatures.
Industry:Weather
Of, or pertaining to, areas above the timber line in mountainous regions, and to the biologic, geologic, etc. , characteristics of such areas.
Industry:Weather
1. (Formerly called North Frigid Zone. ) Geographically, the area north of the Arctic Circle (66°34′N). 2. (Same as tundra. ) Biogeographically, the area extending northward from the arctic tree line to the “limit of life. ”
It is also used for the level above the timber line in mountains.
Industry:Weather
The northern limit of tree growth; the sinuous boundary between tundra and boreal forest; taken by many to delineate the actual southern boundary of the Arctic Zone.
Industry:Weather
The water mass of the upper 150 m in the Arctic Ocean. It has a temperature of −1. 5° to −1. 9°C and a salinity varying between 28 and 33. 5 psu.
Industry:Weather
The vortex in the lower stratosphere over the Arctic in boreal winter.
Industry:Weather
The frontal zone between the subtropical and subpolar gyres of the Northern Hemisphere. In the Atlantic Ocean it is established by the meeting of the warm and saline Gulf Stream and the cold and fresh Labrador Current and extends as a temperature and salinity front, sometimes also known as the cold wall, from south of Newfoundland and the Grand Banks northeastward to the central North Atlantic. In the Pacific Ocean it consists of two parts, separated by the Japanese islands. The larger fresh is formed by the confluence of the warm and saline Kuroshio and the cold and fresh Oyashio and seen as a temperature and salinity front extending eastward from Japan near 35°N. The smaller fresh extends across the Sea of Japan in the west, where it separates the warm and saline Tsushima Current from the cold and fresh Mid-Japan Sea Cold Current.
Industry:Weather
Pack ice of the Arctic Ocean. The arctic pack ice varies from about 9 × 106 km2 to 16 × 106 km2.
Industry:Weather
