- 行业: Weather
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The American Meteorological Society promotes the development and dissemination of information and education on the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences and the advancement of their professional applications. Founded in 1919, AMS has a membership of more than 14,000 professionals, ...
1 物理学、化学、および地球の大気、陸と海の上 air–earth の境界に関連の効果を含むのダイナミクスの研究。基本的なトピックは、組成、構造、および大気の動きがあります。気象学に帰された目標は完全に理解と大気現象の正確な予測をご利用いただけます。この項目を加筆して大気科学;気候学と比較します。2. 一般的な用法で天気と天気予報の基になる科学。
Industry:Weather
A brown gas, formula NO<sub>2</sub>, found at all levels in the atmosphere. In the troposphere it photodissociates to give free oxygen atoms, which then form ozone, and is thus a key player in local and regional air pollution events. In the stratosphere it participates in catalytic ozone destruction cycles, but also forms stable nitrate reservoir species that ameliorate ozone loss.
Industry:Weather
(Symbol N. ) A colorless, tasteless, odorless gaseous element, atomic number 7, atomic weight 14. 007. It is the most abundant constituent of the atmosphere, amounting to 78. 09% by volume of dry air. The molecular formula for nitrogen gas is N<sub>2</sub>; its molecular weight is 28. 016. Nitrogen enters the atmosphere from volcanoes and from the decay of organic matter. It is removed from the atmosphere by certain natural nitrogen-fixing bacteria for use in plant life processes. Free nitrogen is very inactive, but can be broken down by high-energy reactions such as occur in lightning, high temperature combustion, or in the upper atmosphere. Nitrogen-containing compounds are very reactive and play integral roles in the production and destruction of ozone in the atmosphere. Atomic nitrogen, N, occurs in significant quantities only at altitudes above about 100 km.
Industry:Weather
Вещество може да доведе до окисление на, например, атмосферни видове. Най-често срещаните оксидант в тропосферата е озон, които могат да бъдат открити чрез нейната реакция с калиев йодид (KI). По този начин по разширение, всеки вид, който окислява KI исторически е класифициран като атмосферни оксидант.
Industry:Weather
(Symbol O. ) An element, atomic number 8, atomic weight 16. 0; molecular oxygen, formula O<sub>2</sub>, molecular weight 32, is the second most abundant species in the atmosphere, with an abundance of approximately 21% at sea level. The atmospheric abundance of O<sub>2</sub> remains fairly constant up to about 80 km, above which substantial photodissociation to atomic oxygen occurs. Oxygen is a prerequisite to almost all forms of terrestrial life. Oxygen was probably released from minerals such as carbonates resulting in the evolution from a reducing to an oxidizing atmosphere. The general tendency is for reduced emissions from the earth's surface to be oxidized to simpler, oxygen-containing species. Atomic oxygen is formed in the photolysis of molecular oxygen, O<sub>2</sub>; ozone, O<sub>3</sub>; or nitrogen dioxide, NO<sub>2</sub>, in the atmosphere. Below about 40 km, its predominant fate is recombination with molecular oxygen to form ozone. Above that altitude it can participate in other chemical reactions, which may lead to ozone destruction. Both molecular and atomic oxygen have low-lying electronically excited states that are important in the atmosphere. The <sup>1</sup>Δ and <sup>1</sup>Σ states of O<sub>2</sub> are relatively long- lived, and fluorescence from these states contributes to the airglow. The O<sup>1</sup>D state of atomic oxygen, formed in ozone photolysis, reacts to form the hydroxyl radical, which is the primary oxidant in the atmosphere.
Industry:Weather
A nearly colorless gas, formula O<sub>3</sub>, molecular weight 48, that appears blue in the condensed phase or at high concentration, with a characteristic odor like that of weak chlorine. It is formed in the reaction between atomic oxygen and molecular oxygen:. It is a very strong absorber of ultraviolet radiation, and the presence of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere provides an ozone shield that prevents dangerous radiation from reaching the earth's surface and allows the existence of life in its present forms. Ozone, produced by photochemical reactions, is found at all altitudes in the atmosphere. The total amount of ozone in the atmosphere would correspond to less than 1 part per million if uniformly distributed, or a column amount of about 3 mm if compressed to sea level pressure. In the troposphere, it is regarded as a pollutant, and its presence in high concentrations can lead to respiratory stress and crop damage. Ozone is an important component of photochemical smog and can also be formed locally by the action of electrical discharges on the air. Ozone in the free troposphere often results from downward transport from the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, ozone is formed following the absorption of radiation by molecular oxygen. Its mixing ratio there can reach several parts per million, and the temperature inversion characteristic of the stratosphere is due to the strong absorption of energy by ozone molecules in this region. In the stratosphere, ozone is destroyed predominantly by catalytic cycles involving free radicals, many of which are formed as products of human activity. Ozone has several radiation absorption bands that are atmospherically important: the very intense Hartley band, between 200 and 300 nm, which is responsible for much of the heating of the upper atmosphere; the Huggins bands, between 320 and 360 nm; the Chappuis bands, between 450 and 650 nm; and infrared bands, centered at 4. 7, 9. 6, and 14. 1 μm. All the above bands have been used for the detection of ozone using various remote sensing techniques. Absorption by ozone in the infrared is responsible for its effectiveness as a greenhouse gas. See Dobson unit.
Industry:Weather
A characteristic severe depletion of stratospheric ozone that occurs each spring over the Antarctic continent. The depletion is caused by the catalytic destruction of ozone by chlorine, released from fluorocarbons and activated by the presence of polar stratospheric cloud particles in the extreme cold of the Antarctic stratosphere.
Industry:Weather
A period of calm, clear weather, with cold nights and misty mornings but fine warm days, which sets in over central Europe toward the end of September; comparable to Indian summer. It has been explained as a transition between the summer and winter pressure types. In summer, central Europe is dominated by the Azores high, from which a wedge of high pressure extends to southwestern Germany. In winter, the dominant feature is the Siberian high, from which a ridge extends across Switzerland. Between these two stages there is often a period, on the average occurring between 18 and 22 September, during which an independent anticyclone forms over Germany. As this gradually drifts away eastward, the Old Wives' summer tends to be delayed until October in the western part of the former Soviet Union. The term itself probably stems from the widespread existence of “old wives' tales” concerning this striking feature of autumn weather. Compare St. Luke's summer, St. Martin's summer.
Industry:Weather
A modulating system used in some forms of chronometric radiosonde. The meteorological transducing elements are so designed that each of them controls an electrical contact arm that sweeps a sector of a rotating wire helix or spiral. During a rotation of the helix or spiral each electrical contact momentarily touches the wire at a point in the cycle determined by the value of the meteorological parameter being measured. The chronometric pulses are translated into their meteorological equivalents at the receiving station by a chronograph operating in synchronism with the rotation of the helix or spiral.
Industry:Weather
