- 行业: Library & information science
- Number of terms: 152252
- Number of blossaries: 0
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The National Library of Medicine (NLM), on the campus of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, is the world's largest medical library. The Library collects materials and provides information and research services in all areas of biomedicine and health care.
Estimated measure of the expected harm or loss associated with an adverse event, usually in a manner chosen to facilitate meaningful addition over different events. It is generally the integrated product of arbitrary values of risk and hazard and is often expressed in terms such as costs in US dollars, loss in expected years of life or loss in productivity, and is needed for numerical exercises such as cost-benefit analysis.
Industry:Biology; Chemistry
1. Adverse effects of finite duration occurring within a short time (up to 14 d) after administration of a single dose (or exposure to a given concentration) of a test substance or after multiple doses (exposures), usually within 24 h of a starting point (which may be exposure to the toxicant, or loss of reserve capacity, or developmental change etc.).
2. Ability of a substance to cause adverse effects within a short time of dosing or exposure.
Industry:Biology; Chemistry
uptake Penetration of a substance into an organism and its cells by various processes, some specialized, some involving expenditure of energy (active transport), some involving a carrier system, and others involving passive movement down an electrochemical gradient.
Note: In mammals absorption is usually through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or skin into the circulatory system and from the circulation into organs, tissues and cells.
Industry:Biology; Chemistry
1. Concentration of a substance in air, soil, water or other defined medium at which specified emergency counter-measures, such as the seizure and destruction of contaminated materials, evacuation of the local population or closing down the sources of pollution, are to be taken.
2. Concentration of a pollutant in air, soil, water or other defined medium at which some kind of preventive action (not necessarily of an emergency nature) is to be taken.
Industry:Biology; Chemistry
1. Situation in which the effects of two processes are not distinguishable from one another: the distortion of the apparent effect of an exposure on risk brought about by the association of other factors which can influence the outcome.
2. Relationship between the effects of two or more causal factors as observed in a set of data, such that it is not logically possible to separate the contribution which any single causal factor has made to an effect.
Industry:Biology; Chemistry
Continuous or repeated measurement of any naturally occurring or synthetic chemical, including potentially toxic substances or their metabolites or biochemical effects in tissues, secreta, excreta, expired air or any combination of these in order to evaluate occupational or environmental exposure and health risk by comparison with appropriate reference values based on knowledge of the probable relationship between ambient exposure and resultant adverse health effects.
Industry:Biology; Chemistry
1. Protein to which a specific ligand or hapten is conjugated
2. Unlabeled protein introduced into an assay at relatively high concentrations which distributes in a fractionation process in the same manner as labeled protein analyte, present in very low concentrations.
3. Protein added to prevent nonspecific interaction of reagents with surfaces, sample components, and each other.
4. Protein found in cell membranes which facilitates transport of a ligand across the membrane.
Industry:Biology; Chemistry
Tabulation and analysis of morbidity or mortality rates in relationship to the ages of a specific group of people (cohort), identified by their birth period, and followed as they pass through different ages during part or all of their life span. In certain circumstances such as studies of migrant populations, cohort analysis may be performed according to duration of residence in a country rather than year of birth, in order to relate health or mortality experience to duration of exposure.
Industry:Biology; Chemistry
1. Change in an organism, in response to changing conditions of the environment (specifically chemical), which takes place without any irreversible disruptions of the given biological system and without exceeding normal (homeostatic) capacities of its response.
2. Process by which an organism stabilizes its physiological condition after an environmental change.
Note: If this process exceeds the homeostatic range, it becomes pathological and results in symptoms of disease (adverse effects).
Industry:Biology; Chemistry
Mixture of small particles (solid, liquid or a mixed variety) and a carrier gas (usually air).
Note 1: Owing to their size, these particles (usually less than 100 µm and greater than 0.01 µm in diameter) have a comparatively small sedimentation velocity and hence exhibit some degree of stability in the earth’s gravitational field.
Note 2: An aerosol may be characterized by its chemical composition, its radioactivity, the particle size distribution, the electrical charge and the optical properties.
Industry:Biology; Chemistry
