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Using specialized DNA technology to produce multiple, exact copies of a single gene or other segment of DNA to obtain enough material for further study. This process, used by researchers in the Human Genome Project, is referred to as cloning DNA. The resulting cloned (copied) collections of DNA molecules are called clone libraries. A second type of cloning exploits the natural process of cell division to make many copies of an entire cell. The genetic makeup of these cloned cells, called a cell line, is identical to the original cell. A third type of cloning produces complete, genetically identical animals such as the famous Scottish sheep, Dolly.
See also: cloning vector.
Industry:Biology
The X or Y chromosome in human beings that determines the sex of an individual. Females have two X chromosomes in diploid cells; males have an X and a Y chromosome. The sex chromosomes comprise the 23rd chromosome pair in a karyotype.
See also: autosome.
Industry:Biology
In genetics, the expectation that genetic material and the information gained from testing that material will not be available without the donor's consent..
Industry:Biology
Any trait present at birth, whether the result of a genetic or nongenetic factor.
See also: birth defect.
Industry:Biology
The study of the physical appearance of chromosomes.
See also: karyotype.
Industry:Biology
The group or recognizable pattern of symptoms or abnormalities that indicate a particular trait or disease..
Industry:Biology
A nitrogenous base, one member of the base pair GC (guanine and cytosine) in DNA.
See also: base pair, nucleotide.
Industry:Biology
Twins produced by the division of a single zygote; both have identical genotypes.
See also: fraternal twin.
Industry:Biology
Using the immune system to treat disease, for example, in the development of vaccines. May also refer to the therapy of diseases caused by the immune system.
See also: cancer.
Industry:Biology
