- 行业: Weather
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The American Meteorological Society promotes the development and dissemination of information and education on the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences and the advancement of their professional applications. Founded in 1919, AMS has a membership of more than 14,000 professionals, ...
Astronomiquement, entre le solstice d'hiver et l'équinoxe de printemps dans l'hémisphère Nord et l'été solstice et équinoxe d'automne dans l'hémisphère sud ; la saison la plus froide de l'année ; la saison de « soleil bas » au cours de laquelle le soleil est au-dessus de l'hémisphère opposé ; la saison « hivernal ». Populairement et à des fins plus météorologiques, hiver est interprétée comme englobant décembre, janvier et février dans l'hémisphère Nord et dans l'hémisphère Sud, juin, juillet et août ; le contraire de l'été. 2. voir Blackthorn hiver.
Industry:Weather
1. A violently rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, either pendant from a cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud, and often (but not always) visible as a funnel cloud. When tornadoes do occur without any visible funnel cloud, debris at the surface is usually the indication of the existence of an intense circulation in contact with the ground.
On a local scale, the tornado is the most intense of all atmospheric circulations. Its vortex, typically a few hundred meters in diameter, usually rotates cyclonically (on rare occasions anticyclonically rotating tornadoes have been observed) with wind speeds as low as 18 m s<sup>−1</sup> (40 mph) to wind speeds as high as 135 m s<sup>−1</sup> (300 mph). Wind speeds are sometimes estimated on the basis of wind damage using the Fujita scale. Some tornadoes may also contain secondary vortices (suction vortices). Tornadoes occur on all continents but are most common in the United States, where the average number of reported tornadoes is roughly 1000 per year, with the majority of them on the central plains and in the southeastern states (see Tornado Alley). They can occur throughout the year at any time of day. In the central plains of the United States they are most frequent in spring during the late afternoon. See Also supercell tornado, nonsupercell tornado, gustnado, landspout, waterspout.
2. A violent thundersquall in West Africa and adjacent Atlantic waters.
Industry:Weather
Силна, суха, прах натоварено пустинен вятър, който духа в Сахара, Палестина, Йордания, Сирия и пустинята на Арабия. Температурата му може да надвишава 54° C и влажност на въздуха може да падне под 10 %. Името означава "отрова вятър" и е дадено, тъй като внезапна поява на самум може да доведе до топлинен удар. Това се дължи на факта, че горещ вятър носи повече топлина на тялото, отколкото могат да бъдат унищожавани чрез изпаряване на потта.
Industry:Weather
Процесът на измерване количество или количества, предаване на измерената стойност на далечна станция, и има превод, като посочват, или записване на количествата измерена. Обикновено космически телеметрия включва параметри, като температура на космически кораб, захранване и орбитални информация, които се предават на земята, за да следите състоянието на космически кораб.
Industry:Weather
Много общо климатична зона на "средата" ширини; променлив климат между крайности на тропически климат и Полярен климат.
Industry:Weather
Предоставяне на метеорологични прогнози, предупреждения за опасни условия и събирането, контрола на качеството, проверка, архивиране и разпространението на хидрометеорологични данни и продукти.
Industry:Weather
Фотометър, която измерва интензивността на излъчване като функция на честотата (или дължина на вълната) на радиация. В един дизайн радиация навлиза спектрофотометър през процеп и се разпръсква посредством призма. Болометър като фиксирана Апертура сканира разпръснати радиация, така че интензивността през една тясна лента вълна се получава като функция на честотата. Вижте Добсън спектрофотометър.
Industry:Weather
(Symbol O. ) An element, atomic number 8, atomic weight 16. 0; molecular oxygen, formula O<sub>2</sub>, molecular weight 32, is the second most abundant species in the atmosphere, with an abundance of approximately 21% at sea level. The atmospheric abundance of O<sub>2</sub> remains fairly constant up to about 80 km, above which substantial photodissociation to atomic oxygen occurs. Oxygen is a prerequisite to almost all forms of terrestrial life. Oxygen was probably released from minerals such as carbonates resulting in the evolution from a reducing to an oxidizing atmosphere. The general tendency is for reduced emissions from the earth's surface to be oxidized to simpler, oxygen-containing species. Atomic oxygen is formed in the photolysis of molecular oxygen, O<sub>2</sub>; ozone, O<sub>3</sub>; or nitrogen dioxide, NO<sub>2</sub>, in the atmosphere. Below about 40 km, its predominant fate is recombination with molecular oxygen to form ozone. Above that altitude it can participate in other chemical reactions, which may lead to ozone destruction. Both molecular and atomic oxygen have low-lying electronically excited states that are important in the atmosphere. The <sup>1</sup>Δ and <sup>1</sup>Σ states of O<sub>2</sub> are relatively long- lived, and fluorescence from these states contributes to the airglow. The O<sup>1</sup>D state of atomic oxygen, formed in ozone photolysis, reacts to form the hydroxyl radical, which is the primary oxidant in the atmosphere.
Industry:Weather
Un pezzo di ghiaccio galleggianti in un corpo di acqua dopo il parto da una massa di ghiaccio della terra o iceberg.
Industry:Weather
