- 行业: Weather
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The American Meteorological Society promotes the development and dissemination of information and education on the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences and the advancement of their professional applications. Founded in 1919, AMS has a membership of more than 14,000 professionals, ...
The component of the vorticity vector that is perpendicular to the flow velocity vector. See also streamwise vorticity, helicity.
Industry:Weather
The climate that is characteristic of the interior of a landmass of continental size. It is marked by large annual, daily, and day-to-day ranges of temperature, low relative humidity, and (generally) by a moderate or small and irregular rainfall. The annual extremes of temperature typically occur within a month after the solstices. In its extreme form a continental climate gives rise to deserts. Compare maritime climate.
Industry:Weather
The climate in coastal regions resulting from the modification of the macroclimate due to the discontinuity in surface roughness at the coastline and to the different thermal and moisture properties of sea and land.
Industry:Weather
The chloride content of one liter of seawater. It is equal to the chlorinity of the sample times its density at 20°C.
Industry:Weather
The breaking away of a mass of ice from a floating glacier, ice front, or iceberg.
Industry:Weather
The change in solute concentration per unit distance in solute. Concentration gradients cause Fickian diffusion (spreading) of solutes from regions of highest to regions of lowest concentrations. In slow-moving groundwater, this is the dominant mixing process.
Industry:Weather
The change in the amount of carbon in a reservoir via fluxes of carbon into and out of the reservoir.
Industry:Weather
The change in the radiative effects of clouds in response to an external climate perturbation. The total cloud feedback is the combined result of changes in cloud cover, cloud height, and cloud reflectivity. The feedback is the net effect of these changes on the amount of sunlight absorbed by the earth and the amount of heat it radiates to space. Because many different properties of clouds contribute to cloud feedback, and because different types of clouds (e.g., cirrus vs stratus) have different effects on solar and terrestrial radiation, cloud feedback is difficult to specify with confidence. Current climate models disagree as to whether the overall cloud feedback is positive or negative. This disagreement is a major source of uncertainty in estimates of the overall sensitivity of the global climate to anthropogenic perturbations.
Industry:Weather
The body of knowledge concerned with physical properties of clouds in the atmosphere and the processes occurring therein. Cloud physics, broadly considered, embraces not only the study of condensation and precipitation processes in clouds, but also radiative transfer, optical phenomena, electrical phenomena, and a wide variety of hydrodynamic and thermodynamic processes peculiar to natural clouds. Cloud physics is a distinct subdivision of physical meteorology. Early interest in this subject was stimulated by the role of clouds in aircraft safety related to icing and turbulence (The Thunderstorm Project) and the discovery of cloud modification techniques by cloud seeding. The formation of precipitation and the influence of clouds in radiative processes in the atmosphere (both solar and thermal) determine the key role of the subject in global climate.
Industry:Weather
