- 行业: Weather
- Number of terms: 60695
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The American Meteorological Society promotes the development and dissemination of information and education on the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences and the advancement of their professional applications. Founded in 1919, AMS has a membership of more than 14,000 professionals, ...
A shift in the energy levels of an isolated atom or molecule as a consequence of an external electric field. Energy levels depend on the internal forces that electrons and nuclei exert on each other as well as on any external forces (e.g., an electromagnetic field). An observable consequence of the Stark effect is the shifting and broadening of spectral lines. The Stark effect is the electrical analogue of the Zeeman effect.
Industry:Weather
A shell surrounding the earth at a radial distance of a few earth radii in the outer magnetosphere, marking a rapid decrease in electron density with increasing distance. The plasmapause is the outer boundary of the plasmasphere and is usually connected along magnetic field lines to an ionospheric trough.
Industry:Weather
A set of values describing atmospheric conditions on which ballistic computations are based, namely, no wind; a surface temperature of 15°C; a surface pressure of 1000 millibars; a surface relative humidity of 78%; and a lapse rate that yields a prescribed density altitude relation.
Industry:Weather
A set of rules that determine whether the absorption or fluorescence of radiation will be favorable. The “rules” derive from a quantum mechanical description of light absorption. A given transition may be “allowed” or “forbidden. ” Forbidden transitions can occur, but with very much lower intensity than allowed ones. See also allowed transitons.
Industry:Weather
A set of prognostic equations containing parameterizations of various cloud microphysics processes, governing the evolution of cloud water. The term “prognostic clouds” is usually reserved for numerical models that predict weather and climate. Prognostic cloud schemes may differ as to the number of prognostic equations and parameterized microphysics processes (the sources and sinks of cloud water), and as to whether or not they advect cloud water. In current climate models, spectral size distributions of cloud water particles (and falling condensate) are almost always assumed, rather than predicted, and their (radiative) effective radii are specified. Most often, the cloud volume fraction is parameterized by diagnostic relationships, as in purely empirically based, diagnostic cloud parameterizations, but it can be prognostic. Key cloud radiative properties, such as cloud optical depth and emissivity, may be parameterized in terms of the prognostic cloud variables and the (radiative) effective radii of the cloud particles.
Industry:Weather
A set of equations in which the independent variables or coordinates are each expressed in terms of a parameter. For example, instead of investigating ''y'' = ''f''(''x''), or ''F''(''x'', ''y'') = 0, it is often advantageous to express both ''x'' and ''y'' in terms of a parameter ''u'': ''x'' = ''g''(''u''); ''y'' = ''G''(''u''). The parameter may or may not have a useful geometric or physical interpretation.
Industry:Weather
A series of satellites from the 1960s developed jointly by the United States and Italy.
Industry:Weather
A set of combinations of ceilings and visibilities that constitute the operational weather limits at an airport; as the observed value of one element increases, the limiting value of the other element decreases, and vice versa.
Industry:Weather
