- 行业: Weather
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The American Meteorological Society promotes the development and dissemination of information and education on the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences and the advancement of their professional applications. Founded in 1919, AMS has a membership of more than 14,000 professionals, ...
The time difference between the centroids of rainfall excess and its corresponding surface runoff produced in the basin. It is equal to the first moment of the instantaneous unit hydrograph of the basin. Conceptually, it is defined as the average length of time for which water produced by a rainfall remains in residence in the basin.
Industry:Weather
The temperature of a body that absorbs all radiation incident upon it.
Industry:Weather
The temperature at which the equilibrium vapor pressure between a liquid and its vapor is equal to the external pressure on the liquid. Physically, boiling (or ebullition) cannot begin in a liquid until the temperature is raised to such a point that incipient bubbles forming within the liquid can grow rather than collapse. But for a bubble to grow, its internal vapor pressure must exceed the hydrostatic pressure exerted on the bubble interface. For liquids heated in containers that are open and fairly shallow, this hydrostatic pressure is essentially the same as the external atmospheric pressure, so ebullition begins when the equilibrium vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure. In liquids perfectly free from foreign particles and contained in a vessel with perfectly smooth walls, boiling will not begin even at the above-described temperature, for boiling resembles condensation in that “nuclei” must exist to initiate the process. When a very pure liquid sample has been heated above its nominal boiling point it is said to have been superheated, a state that is very similar to the state of supersaturation in which a vapor may exist in a nucleus-free environment. Because of the normal decrease of barometric pressure with height, the nominal boiling point of water decreases 3. 0°– 3. 5°C for each kilometer increase of altitude (see hypsometer). The boiling point is a colligative property of a solution; with an increase in dissolved matter, there occurs a raising of the boiling point. The boiling point of pure water at standard pressure is equal to 100°C (212°F) and is a fiducial point for thermometer calibration. Compare ice point.
Industry:Weather
The technique of estimating elevation by means of atmospheric pressure measurements. See hypsometric equation, hypsometry, altimetry.
Industry:Weather
The surface temperature of the sea as measured by a bucket-thermometer or by immersing a surface thermometer in a freshly drawn bucket of water. Compare injection temperature.
Industry:Weather
The surface between the saturated and unsaturated zones in a soil. The boundary of saturation is the top of the capillary fringe.
Industry:Weather
The sum of accumulation and ablation. It is the change of mass per unit area relative to the previous summer surface. It is sometimes divided into a winter balance and a summer balance. See also average net balance.
Industry:Weather
The study of the measurement of atmospheric pressure, with particular reference to ascertaining and correcting the errors of the different types of barometer.
Industry:Weather
