- 行业: Printing & publishing
- Number of terms: 178089
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- Company Profile:
McGraw Hill Financial, Inc. is an American publicly traded corporation headquartered in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its primary areas of business are financial, publishing, and business services.
A branch of applied mechanics concerned with the behavior of materials under load, relationships between externally applied loads and internal resisting forces, and associated deformations. Knowledge of the properties of materials and analysis of the forces involved are fundamental to the investigation and design of structures and machine elements. Mathematical application of principles of mechanics is supplemented by experimentally determined properties of materials and other empirical constants.
Industry:Science
A branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. The major concepts covered by structural mechanics include the fundamental ones, such as stresses, strains, material laws, and equations of equilibrium, and the more advanced ones, such as energy principles, elasticity, dynamics, stability, and load-carrying capacities. These concepts underlie the design and analysis of a huge variety of mechanical and structural systems and components. A good knowledge of structural mechanics is essential for engineers, typically in the professions of civil, mechanical, aeronautical, and aerospace engineering, whose major duty is to design structures or solid components.
Industry:Science
A branch of chemical analysis that seeks to determine the composition of a sample in terms of which chemical elements are present and their quantities or concentrations. Unlike other methods of elemental analysis, however, the sample is decomposed into its constituent atoms which are then probed spectroscopically.
Industry:Science
A branch of chemistry in which reactions are induced or altered by laser light. The initial part of any photochemical reaction involves an optical transition to some excited state of molecule. These excited states could involve electronic, vibrational, and rotational excitation. The particular photochemical product that results from the absorption of light depends on the specific excited state species created during the irradiation. Thus the properties of the light source often determine the photochemical product. Lasers have had an immense impact on the field of photochemistry by providing scientists with an intense, polarized, and nearly monochromatic source of light. There are lasers that extend from wavelengths of less than 110 nanometers (vacuum ultraviolet) to more than 100,000 nm (far-infrared); for comparison, the entire visible spectrum extends from only 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red).
Industry:Science
A branch of chemistry that deals with light-induced changes of organic material. Because it studies the interaction of electromagnetic radiation and matter, photochemistry is concerned with both chemistry and physics. In considering photochemical processes, therefore, it is also necessary to consider physical phenomena that do not involve strictly chemical changes, for example, absorption and emission of light, and electronic energy transfer.
Industry:Science
A branch of chemistry that deals with the reactivity of the superoxide ion (O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>), a one-electron (<i>e</i><sup>−</sup>) adduct of molecular oxygen (dioxygen; O<sub>2</sub>) formed by the combination of O<sub>2</sub> and <i>e</i><sup>−</sup>. Because 1–15% of the O<sub>2</sub> that is respired by mammals goes through the O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> oxidation state, the biochemistry and reaction chemistry of the species are important to those concerned with oxygen toxicity, carcinogenesis, and aging. Although the name superoxide has prompted many to assume an exceptional degree of reactivity for O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>, the use of the prefix in fact was chosen to indicate stoichiometry. Superoxide was the name given in 1934 to the newly synthesized potassium salt (KO<sub>2</sub>) to differentiate its two-oxygens-per-metal stoichiometry from that of most other metal–oxygen compounds (Na<sub>2</sub>O, Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, NaOH, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>).
Industry:Science
A branch of civil engineering concerned with the development of sources of supply, transmission, distribution, and treatment of water. The term is used most frequently for municipal water works, but applies also to water systems for industry, irrigation, water reuse, and other purposes.
Industry:Science
A branch of civil engineering concerned with the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of works in the coastal zone. The purposes of these works include control of shoreline erosion; development of navigation channels and harbors; defense against flooding caused by storms, tides, and seismically generated waves (tsunamis); development of coastal recreation; and control of pollution in nearshore waters. Coastal engineering usually involves the construction of structures or the transport and possible stabilization of sand and other coastal sediments.
Industry:Science
A branch of civil engineering that includes planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and related infrastructure to ensure effective and efficient movement of people, goods, and services that use this mode of transportation. Highway engineering has a profound impact on residential, commercial, recreational, and industrial locations and operations, and therefore has a far-reaching influence on the cultural and economic activities of a region.
Industry:Science
A branch of clinical pathology concerned with the role of the immune defense system in disease. The subject encompasses diseases where a malfunction of the immune system itself is the basic cause, together with diseases where some external agent is the initiating factor but an excessive response by the immune system produces the actual tissue damage. It also extends to the monitoring of the normal immune response in infectious diseases and to the use of immunological techniques in disease diagnosis.
Industry:Science
