- 行业: Printing & publishing
- Number of terms: 178089
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- Company Profile:
McGraw Hill Financial, Inc. is an American publicly traded corporation headquartered in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its primary areas of business are financial, publishing, and business services.
A branch of communication theory devoted to problems in coding. A unique feature of information theory is its use of a numerical measure of the amount of information gained when the contents of a message are learned. Information theory relies heavily on the mathematical science of probability. For this reason the term information theory is often applied loosely to other probabilistic studies in communication theory, such as signal detection, random noise, and prediction.
Industry:Science
A branch of computer science that deals with the theory and techniques of computer image synthesis. Computers produce images by analyzing a collection of dots, or pixels (picture elements). Computer graphics is a mature discipline with a growing range of applications. It is used to enhance the transfer and understanding of information in science, engineering, medicine, education, and business by facilitating the generation, production, and display of synthetic images of natural objects with authentic realism almost indistinguishable from photographs. Computer graphics facilitates the production of images that range in complexity from simple line drawings to three-dimensional reconstructions of data obtained from computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans in medical applications. Images of three-dimensional anatomical surfaces can be constructed from the two-dimensional slices generated by computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. These images help physicians to understand the complex anatomy present in the slices, and to evaluate and plan the treatment and even surgery of complex anatomical abnormalities (<b>Fig. 1</b>).
Industry:Science
A branch of control theory concerned with large-scale systems. The three commonly accepted definitions of a large-scale system are based on notions of decomposition, complexity, and centrality. A system is sometimes considered to be large-scale if it can be partitioned or decomposed into small-scale subsystems. Another definition is that a system is large-scale if it is complex; that is, conventional techniques of modeling, analysis, control, design, and computation do not give reasonable solutions with reasonable effort. A third definition is based on the notion of centrality. Until the advent of large-scale systems, almost all control systems analysis and design procedures were limited to components and information grouped in one geographical location or center. Thus, by another definition, a system in which the concept of centrality fails is large-scale. This can be due to a lack of either centralized computing capability or a centralized information structure. Large-scale systems appear in such diversified fields as sociology, management, the economy, the environment, computer networks, power systems, transportation, aerospace, robotics, manufacturing, and navigation. Some examples of large-scale systems are the United States economy, the global telephone communication network, and the electric power generation system for the western United States.
Industry:Science
A branch of control theory which aims at predicting and minimizing the magnitudes and limits of the random deviations of a control system output through optimizing the design of the controller. Such deviations occur when random noise and disturbance processes are present in a control system, so that the system does not follow its prescribed course but deviates from the latter by a randomly varying amount.
Industry:Science
A branch of engineering concerned with the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of railways. Railway engineering includes elements of civil, mechanical, industrial, and electrical engineering. It is unique in being concerned with the interaction between moving vehicles (mechanical engineering) and infrastructure (civil engineering). The employment of both a load-supporting guideway and groups or strings of connected vehicles on flanged wheels for the transport of goods and people sets railways apart from other modes of transport.
Industry:Science
A branch of engineering dealing with the design, development, and implementation of integrated systems of humans, machines, and information resources to provide products and services. Industrial engineering encompasses specialized knowledge and skills in the physical, social, engineering, and management sciences, such as human and cognitive sciences, computer systems and information technologies, manufacturing processes, operations research, production, and automation. The industrial engineer integrates people into the design and development of systems, thus requiring an understanding of the physical, physiological, psychological, and other characteristics that govern and affect the performance of individuals and groups in working environments.
Industry:Science
A branch of engineering in which a process effects chemical and mechanical transformations of matter, conducted continuously or repeatedly on a substantial scale. Process engineering constitutes the specification, optimization, realization, and adjustment of the process applied to manufacture of bulk products or discrete products. Bulk products are those which are homogeneous throughout and uniform in properties, are in gaseous, liquid, or solid form, and are made in separate batches or continuously. Examples of bulk product processes include petroleum refining, municipal water purification, the manufacture of penicillin by fermentation or synthesis, the forming of paper from wood pulp, the separation and crystallization of various salts from brine, the production of liquid oxygen and nitrogen from air, the electrolytic beneficiation of aluminum, and the manufacture of paint, whiskey, plastic resin, and so on. Discrete products are those which are separate and individual, although they may be identical or very nearly so. Examples of discrete product processes include the casting, molding, forging, shaping, forming, joining, and surface finishing of the component piece parts of end products or of the end products themselves. Processes are chemical when one or more essential steps involve chemical reaction. Almost no chemical process occurs without many accompanying mechanical steps such as pumping and conveying, size reduction of particles, classification of particles and their separation from fluid streams, evaporation and distillation with attendant boiling and condensation, absorption, extraction, membrane separations, and mixing.
Industry:Science
A branch of engineering that encompasses the conception, design, construction, and management of residential and commercial buildings and structures, water supply facilities, transportation systems for goods and people, as well as control of the environment for the maintenance and improvement of the quality of life. Civil engineering is a people-serving profession; it includes planning and design professionals in both the public and private sectors, contractors, builders, educators, and researchers who strive to meet the needs and desires of the community.
Industry:Science
A branch of engineering that involves the design, control, and continuous improvement of integrated systems in order to provide customers with high-quality goods and services in a timely, cost-effective manner. It is an interdisciplinary area requiring the collaboration of individuals trained in industrial engineering, manufacturing engineering, product design, marketing, finance, and corporate planning. In many organizations, production engineering activities are carried out by teams of individuals with different skills rather than by a formal production engineering department. Although production engineering originated in the manufacturing sector, recently it has found increasing application in the service industries, such as banking, airlines, and entertainment. Thus “product” denotes both a traditional manufactured product and a service product, such as an insurance policy or a bank loan. While traditional production engineering activities have taken place within a single factory, it is becoming more common for the production engineering team to include not only in-house personnel from the different skill sets mentioned above, but also personnel from several geographic locations and even other companies. It is quite common for a firm's design activity to take place in one country, production of components in another, and assembly of the final product in a third. Important components and subsystems of the finished product may be subcontracted to other firms, requiring production engineering teams to include personnel from different companies. Recent developments in information technology, such as the Internet and computer-supported cooperative work, are important enablers of this process.
Industry:Science
A branch of environmental geochemistry and isotope geology concerned with the occurrence of radioactive nuclides in sediment, water, air, biological tissues, and rocks. The nuclides have relatively short half-lives ranging from a few days to about 10<sup>6</sup> years, and occur only because they are being produced by natural or anthropogenic nuclear reactions or because they are the intermediate unstable daughters of long-lived naturally occurring radioactive isotopes of uranium and thorium. The nuclear radiation, consisting of alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays, emitted by these nuclides constitutes a potential health hazard to humans. However, their presence also provides opportunities for measurements of the rates of natural processes in the atmosphere and on the surface of the Earth.
Industry:Science
