- 行业: Printing & publishing
- Number of terms: 178089
- Number of blossaries: 0
- Company Profile:
McGraw Hill Financial, Inc. is an American publicly traded corporation headquartered in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its primary areas of business are financial, publishing, and business services.
An application of nephelometry to the quantification of antigen or antibody. Owing to the antigenic property of many macromolecules, immunonephelometry is capable of very broad application. In addition to its use for the quantification of soluble materials, it has been applied to the assay of microparticulate substances. The method permits the assay of antigen concentrations as low as 1 microgram per milliliter.
Industry:Science
An application of the first law of thermodynamics to a process in which any work terms are negligible.
Industry:Science
An applied branch of decision theory. Decision analysis offers individuals and organizations a methodology for making decisions; it also offers techniques for modeling decision problems mathematically and finding optimal decisions numerically. Decision models have the capacity for accepting and quantifying human subjective inputs: judgments of experts and preferences of decision-makers. Implementation of models can take the form of simple paper-and-pencil procedures or sophisticated computer programs known as decision aids or decision systems.
Industry:Science
An approach for sampling the extracellular space of essentially any tissue or fluid compartment in the body. Continuous sampling can be performed for long periods with minimal perturbation to the experimental animal. Microdialysis provides a route for sampling the extracellular fluid without removing fluid, and administering compounds without adding fluid. The resulting sample is clean and amenable to direct analysis. Microdialysis was initially developed to study neurochemical processes in the brain. The success of this technique in the study of neurotransmitter release has led to the development of microdialysis techniques for general pharmacokinetic and drug distribution studies.
Industry:Science
An approach to designing intelligent systems using mathematical algorithms. It consists of the fields of neural networks, evolutionary computation, and fuzzy sets. The term was first used as an alternative to artificial intelligence in the 1980s. The current popular use of the term as defined above results from an effort by James Bezdek in the early 1990s to differentiate the fields of neural networks, evolutionary computation, and fuzzy sets from classical artificial intelligence (AI). There is significant continuing research in the area of computational intelligence, as well as a number of examples of practical, everyday systems that make use of computational intelligence approaches.
Industry:Science
An approach to management of natural resources that emphasizes how little is known about the dynamics of ecosystems and that as more is learned management will evolve and improve. Natural systems are very complex and dynamic, and human observations about natural processes are fragmentary and inaccurate. As a result, the best way to use the available resources in a sustainable manner remains to be determined. Furthermore, much of the variability that affects natural populations is unpredictable and beyond human control. This combination of ignorance and unpredictability means that the ways in which ecosystems respond to human interventions are unknown and can be described only in probabilistic terms. Nonetheless, management decisions need to be made. Adaptive management proceeds despite this uncertainty by treating human interventions in natural systems as large-scale experiments from which more may be learned, leading to improved management in the future.
Industry:Science
An approach to statistics in which estimates are based on a synthesis of a prior distribution and current sample data. Bayesian statistics is not a branch of statistics in the way that, say, nonparametric statistics is. It is, in fact, a self-contained paradigm providing tools and techniques for all statistical problems. In the classical frequentist viewpoint of statistical theory, a statistical procedure is judged by averaging its performance over all possible data. However, the bayesian approach gives prime importance to how a given procedure performs for the actual data observed in a given situation. Further, in contrast to the classical procedures, the bayesian procedures formally utilize information available from sources other than the statistical investigation. Such information, available through expert judgment, past experience, or prior belief, is described by a probability distribution on the set of all possible values of the unknown parameter of the statistical model at hand. This probability distribution is called the prior distribution. The crux of the bayesian approach is the synthesis of the prior distribution and the current sample data into a posterior probability distribution from which all decisions and inferences are made. This synthesis is achieved by using a theorem proved by Thomas Bayes in the eighteenth century.
Industry:Science
An approach to the control of large-scale systems based on (1) decomposition of the complex overall control problem into simpler and more easily managed subproblems and (2) coordination of the subproblems so that overall system objectives and constraints are satisfied.
Industry:Science
An aqueous solution of organic and inorganic substances, mostly waste products of metabolism, which collects in the kidneys and is removed from the body primarily through the bladder and urinary tract. The kidneys maintain the internal milieu of the body by excreting these waste products and adjusting the loss of water and electrolytes to keep the body fluids relatively constant in amount and composition.
Industry:Science
An aqueous solution of salts of a rather constant composition of elements whose presence determines the climate and makes life possible on the Earth and which constitutes the oceans, the mediterranean seas, and their embayments. The physical, chemical, biological, and geological events therein are the studies that are grouped as oceanography. Water is most often found in nature as seawater (about 98%). The rest is ice, water vapor, and fresh water. The basic properties of seawater, their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws governing the composition of seawater and sediments are the fundamentals of oceanography.
Industry:Science
