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An extinct order of brachiopods that lived in shallow-shelf seas during the Paleozoic. It contains the oldest members of the Rhynchonelliformea and is the stem group for all other brachiopods in this subphylum.
Industry:Science
An extinct order of brachiopods, in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea (formerly Articulata), that inhabited shallow shelf seas of the Paleozoic Era. It contains the greatest taxonomic diversity of all rhynchonelliform brachiopod orders, and its members exhibit a diverse range of morphologies and modes of life.
Industry:Science
An extinct order of Bryozoa in the class Stenolaemata. Cryptostomes had basally attached, erect, calcified colonies made of sheets or delicate branches composed of short tubular or box-shaped feeding zooids (individual units that constitute these colonial organisms) and commonly extra-zooidal skeletal deposits.
Industry:Science
An extinct order of bryozoans in the class Stenolaemata. Cystoporates tend to have robust colonies composed of relatively simple, long, slender, and tubular zooecia (with thin, somewhat porous calcareous walls), separated by blisterlike vesicles (cystopores) stacked upon one another. Their colonies display a very gradual transition between comparatively indistinct endozone and exozone regions.
Industry:Science
An extinct order of bryozoans in the class Stenolaemata. Trepostomes possess generally robust colonies, composed of tightly packed, moderately complex, long, slender, tubular or prismatic zooecia, with solid calcareous zooecial walls. Colonies show a moderately gradual transition from endozone to exozone regions, and they are exclusively free-walled.
Industry:Science
An extinct order of early Cenozoic (about 65 to 40 million years ago) quadrupedal eutherian land mammals, represented by nine known genera, from the late Paleocene to middle Eocene of North America (<i>Esthonyx</i> (<i>Azygonyx</i>), <i>Megalesthonyx</i>, <i>Trogosus</i>, and <i>Tillodon</i>), early Paleocene to late Eocene of China (<i>Lofochaius</i>, <i>Meiostylodon</i>, <i>Adapidium</i>, <i>Trogosus</i> (<i>Kuanchuanius</i>)), middle Eocene of Pakistan (<i>Basalina</i>), and the early Eocene of Europe (<i>Plesiesthonyx</i>). <i>Anchippodus</i>, the first named tillodont genus (1868), based on a single left lower molar found in middle Eocene rocks of New Jersey, is a nomen dubium (it is not certain which species of tillodont is represented by this tooth) and may represent either <i>Trogosus</i> or <i>Tillodon</i>. An indeterminate tillodont incisor fragment found on Ellesmere Island demonstrates that tillodonts lived in what is now the Canadian High Arctic during the Eocene under much warmer conditions than exist there today.
Industry:Science
An extinct order of large herbivorous mammals, often called uintatheres, from early Cenozoic deposits of North America and northern Asia. Members of this group have semigraviportal limbs, that is, adapted to bearing considerable weights, with hoofed, five-toed feet. The dentition is somewhat reduced in all forms, later ones losing all the upper incisors and in one case (<i>Gobiatherium</i>, from the late Eocene of Mongolia) even the upper canine. The cusps of the upper molars and premolars form V-shaped patterns. The lower molars and premolars possess V-shaped crests, followed by a low shelf. A saberlike canine tooth and protective lower jaw flange are present in all forms except the aberrant <i>Gobiatherium</i>, which must have relied on other means for defense. Horns are absent or very small on the most primitive forms, but by early Eocene time North American genera had begun to develop them. Middle and late Eocene uintatheres in North America developed an imposing array of six horns. One pair was on the tips of the nasal bones, another was above the root of the saberlike canine tooth, and a third pair above the ear region.
Industry:Science
An extinct order of large, hippopotamuslike, amphibious, gravigrade, shellfish-eating mammals, nearly 12 ft (4 m) long, that frequented shallow bays and coastal margins during the Oligocene and Miocene. Their main distribution was northern trans-Pacific, but discoveries in Florida indicate a much broader distribution.
Industry:Science
An extinct order of mammals containing the dominant carnivores in North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa during much of the Cenozoic. Its members roamed the Earth for more than 50 million years, then became extinct less than 9 million years ago. Creodonts were not part of the order Carnivora, but they independently evolved carnivorous specializations in their teeth and limbs. They ranged from tiny (<i>Isohyaenodon</i> from Africa was the size of a small weasel) to gigantic (<i>Hyainailouros</i> from Europe and Asia was one of the largest land-dwelling mammalian carnivores ever). The wolflike genus <i>Hyaenodon</i> is probably the most familiar creodont among the more than 180 known species. Most lived in North America and Europe, but new species from Africa and Asia are being described at an incredible rate.
Industry:Science
An extinct order of primitive irregular sea urchins of the class (Echinoidea), which retain a functioning lantern tern throughout life. Although their periproct opens on the oral surface in the posterior interambulacrum, the test still shows considerable radial symmetry. The mouth is large, circular, and centrally positioned and is indented by sharp buccal notches. The lantern has stout teeth that are wedge-shaped in cross section. Ambulacral plating is trigeminate adorally but usually simple adapically; the tube feet and their pore pairs are undifferentiated. Tubercles are arranged radially on the oral surface, and tuberculation is distinctly finer adapically. The holectypoids are distinguished from other primitive irregular echinoid groups by the presence of a fifth genital plate in the apical disc that may be perforated by a gonopore.
Industry:Science
