- 行业: Printing & publishing
- Number of terms: 178089
- Number of blossaries: 0
- Company Profile:
McGraw Hill Financial, Inc. is an American publicly traded corporation headquartered in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its primary areas of business are financial, publishing, and business services.
An infectious disease caused by the bacillus <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. It is primarily an infection of the lungs, but any organ system is susceptible, so its manifestations may be varied.
Industry:Science
An infectious disease of humans and animals caused by the bacteria <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and <i>L. ivanovii</i>. Both humans and animals can be carriers, which excrete the bacterium in feces. Sheep, goats, and cattle can excrete the bacteria in milk, without clinical symptoms of mastitis. The most important pathway of infection is probably through food. <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> has frequently been isolated from grass silage (fermented fodder), especially from silage of inferior quality, which is an important source of infection in ruminants. Relatively few animals develop clinical disease, but a high proportion can be latent carriers. Farm leys often are fertilized with manure, and the bacteria in infected manure may be distributed on plants and in soil. During forage harvesting, soil and dung may be brought into the silo together with the grass, thus introducing the bacteria into the silage. <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> is able to multiply in silage with a high pH, which probably is the main source of infection in ruminants.
Industry:Science
An infectious disease of humans and rodents caused by the bacterium <i>Yersinia pestis</i>. The sylvatic (wild-animal) form persists today in more than 200 species of rodents throughout the world. At present, contact with wild rodents and their fleas leads to sporadic human disease. The explosive urban epidemics of the Middle Ages, known as the Black Death, resulted when the infection of dense populations of city rats living closely with humans introduced disease from the Near East. The disease then was spread both by rat fleas and by transmission between humans. During these outbreaks, as much as 50% of the European population died; occasionally, entire towns disappeared.
Industry:Science
An infectious disease of humans caused by the spirochete <i>Treponema pertenue</i>. It is also known as frambesia and is largely confined to the tropics. Anecdotal information indicates that yaws still exists in parts of central Africa, South America, India, and Indonesia. Usually yaws is contracted in childhood by direct contact or from small flies feeding in succession on infected lesions and open wounds. No race or age possesses natural immunity.
Industry:Science
An infectious disease, also known as lockjaw, caused by the exotoxin of <i>Clostridium tetani</i>. The organism may be isolated from fertile soil and the intestinal tract or fecal material of humans and other animals. Infection commonly follows dirt contamination of deep wounds or other injured tissues such as war wounds or crash injuries, burns, or septic abortion in which tissue necrosis is present. Any deep puncture wound that is contaminated by soil or feces is suspect. Tetanus neonatorum is frequent in developing countries if the cut surface of the umbilical cord is not properly treated. Use of understerilized syringe needles by drug users is also recognized as a cause of tetanus.
Industry:Science
An infectious, zoonotic disease of various animals and humans caused by <i>Brucella</i> species. Each species tends to preferentially infect a particular animal, but several types can infect humans. <i>Brucella melitensis</i> (preferentially infects goats and sheep), <i>B. suis</i> (infects pigs), and <i>B. abortus</i> (infects cattle) are the most common causes of human brucellosis. <i>Brucella melitensis</i> is the most virulent for humans, followed by <i>B. suis</i> and <i>B. abortus</i>. <i>Brucella canis</i> and <i>B. ovis</i>, which infect dogs and sheep respectively, rarely infect humans. Although brucellosis is found all over the world, in many countries the disease has been eradicated. The brucellae are small, gram-negative coccobacilli which are defined as facultative intracellular parasites since they are able to replicate within specialized cells of the host.
Industry:Science
An infinite-dimensional matrix or operator that expresses the state of a scattering system consisting of waves or particles or both in the far future in terms of its state in the remote past; also called the S matrix. In the case of electromagnetic (or acoustic) waves, it connects the intensity, phase, and polarization of the outgoing waves in the far field at various angles to the direction and polarization of the beam pointed toward an obstacle. It is used most prominently in the quantum-mechanical description of particle scattering, in which context it was invented in 1937 by J. A. Wheeler to describe nuclear reactions. Because an analog of the Schrödinger equation for the description of particle dynamics is lacking in the relativistic domain, W. Heisenberg proposed in 1943 that the S matrix rather than the hamiltonian or the lagrangian be regarded as the fundamental dynamical entity of quantum mechanics. This program played an important role in high-energy physics during the 1960s but is now largely abandoned. The physics of fundamental particles is now described primarily in terms of quantum gauge fields, and these are used to determine the S matrix and its elements for the collision and reaction processes observed in the laboratory.
Industry:Science
An inflammation of a vein. Individuals with phlebitis typically experience tenderness, redness, and hardness along the course of the vein. The cause of the inflammation may be related to injury of the vein or infection. The presence of varicose veins and the long-term use of indwelling intravenous catheters or irritating intravenous solutions place individuals at risk of developing phlebitis. In addition, those with certain diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis, or malignancy, are at increased risk.
Industry:Science
An inflammation of the liver caused by a number of etiologic agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, drugs, and chemicals. All types of hepatitis are characterized by distortion of the normal hepatic lobular architecture due to varying degrees of necrosis of individual liver cells or groups of liver cells, acute and chronic inflammation, and Kupffer cell enlargement and proliferation. There is usually some degree of disruption of normal bile flow, which causes jaundice. The severity of the disease is highly variable and often unpredictable.
Industry:Science
An inflammation of the tonsil. Tonsillitis is a nonspecific term usually referring to bacterial or viral infection involving all or part of Waldeyer's ring, a collection of lymphatic tissue encircling the pharynx. It consists primarily of the tonsils (palatine tonsils), adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils), and lingual tonsils. The palatine tonsils are readily seen at the edges of the soft palate between the anterior tonsillar pillar (glossopalatinus muscle) and the posterior tonsillar pillar (pharyngopalatinus muscle). The pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) cover the vault and posterior wall of the nasopharynx and cannot be seen unless the nasopharynx is examined with a mirror or the soft palate is retracted. The lingual tonsils are located at the base of the tongue.
Industry:Science
