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An order of fishes containing the pricklefishes and whalefishes. This order is recognized by G. D. Johnson and C. Patterson, but interrelationships of the taxa placed within it are debated among ichthyologists. Stephanoberyciformes is recognized as the sister group of all remaining acanthomorphs. It is defined by the following characters: pelvic girdle attached to cleithrum or coracoid of pectoral girdle; skull bone usually exceptionally thin (fragile bones often characteristic of pelagic fishes); subocular shelf absent; supramaxilla absent or reduced; and body shape variable, from elongate to short and rounded. The biology of stephanoberyciformes as a group is poorly known, and many species are known from only a few specimens. These are small deep-water fishes, ranging in total length from 2.1 to 43 cm (0.8 to 17 in.), but most are less than 10 cm (4 in.), and occupying depths to 5300 m (17,400 ft or 3.3 mi). Several species are known to be oviparous (the assumed mode of reproduction of the entire order), with planktonic eggs and larvae. The order comprises nine families, 28 genera, and about 75 described species, plus many others known but yet undescribed. Included in the order are families taken from the Beryciformes, Lampriformes, and the Trachichthyiformes taxa as described by J. A. Moore.
Industry:Science
An order of flagellate Protozoa, subphylum Sarcomastigophora, class Phytamastigophorea. Two genera, <i>Ebria</i> and <i>Hermesinum</i>, remain of the once numerous order, as determined by fossil remains. They possess an internal solid siliceous skeleton forming a shallow flattened or slightly arched structure that is enclosed by clear cytoplasm. Skeleton form and structure are distinctive. These phytoflagellates do not have chromatophores. A conspicuous nucleus lies anteriorly and two long and fine flagella emerge near it. Reserve materials apparently are fat.
Industry:Science
An order of flowering plants (Angiospermae) of approximately 15 families of dicotyledons with over 4000 species. In molecular phylogenetic classifications, it is placed near Malvales, Myrtales, and Sapindales.
Industry:Science
An order of flowering plants (angiosperms) in the asterid I group of the eudicotyledons consisting of around 6 families and almost 1000 species. Like many asterids of the asterid II group, Dipsacales have an inferior ovary and opposite leaves. They also have fewer stamens than petals (or petal lobes), and the flowers are often bilaterally symmetric or of irregular symmetry. Family limits have changed recently as a result of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence studies, but the species content of the order is still similar to previous systems of classification. The flowers are typically arranged in heads, similar to those of their close relatives in Asterales and Apiales, but the ovary often contains more than one seed (reduced to a single seed in Dipsacaceae and Valerianaceae). Familiar members of Dipsacales include elderberry (<i>Sambucus</i>, Adoxaceae), honeysuckle (<i>Lonicera</i>, Caprifoliaceae), and teasel (<i>Dipsacus</i>, Dipsacaceae). <i>Viburnum</i> (Adoxaceae) and <i>Abelia</i> (Linnaeaceae) are commonly planted ornamental shrubs.
Industry:Science
An order of flowering plants (angiosperms) in the euasterid I group of the asterid eudicotyledons. The order consists of five families and approximately 17,500 species. The circumscription of Gentianales has been widened to include Rubiaceae, largely on the basis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence data. Circumscription of Loganiaceae has also changed on the basis of these data, with many taxa, including the ornamental <i>Buddleja</i>, being transferred to Lamiales. The order is characterized by opposite leaves, frequent occurrence of alkaloids, and the presence of internal phloem in the wood (not in Rubiaceae).
Industry:Science
An order of flowering plants (angiosperms) in the eurosid I group of the rosid dicots. The order is previously unrecognized in classifications of the angiosperms but is indicated by numerous studies of DNA sequences. Oxalidales consist of five small families: Cephalotaceae (one species), Connaraceae (300 species of tropical trees and vines), Cunoniaceae (250 species of trees and shrubs mostly from the Southern Hemisphere), Elaeocarpaceae (350 species of trees and shrubs from the Southern Hemisphere and Asian tropics), and Oxalidaceae (350 species, mostly in <i>Oxalis</i>, mostly herbs that are found throughout the world). Like many of the other newly defined orders based on studies of DNA sequences, Oxalidales are heterogeneous in their morphological traits; some are bizarre, such as the <i>Cephalotus</i> (Cephalotaceae), a carnivorous pitcher plant from Australia. Many species of the order are locally economically important, producing timbers and fruits, including zebrawood (<i>Connarus</i>, Connaraceae), star fruit (<i>Averrhoa</i>, Oxalidaceae), and lightwood (<i>Ceratopetalum</i> and <i>Eucryphia</i>, Cunoniaceae). <i>Oxalis</i> (Oxalidaceae) has some species that are grown as ornamentals and several that are noxious introduced weeds.
Industry:Science
An order of flowering plants (angiosperms) previously thought to be related closely to the waterlilies because one genus of the latter, <i>Cabomba</i> (Nymphaeaceae), has similarly highly dissected leaves. Studies of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences have revealed that the single genus of the order, <i>Ceratophyllum</i> (Ceratophyllaceae), has no close relationship to any other extant group of flowering plants. It is an old, highly specialized plant, modified for a fresh-water aquatic habitat. Fossil fruits attributed to it are more than 120 million years old, which makes it the oldest extant angiosperm genus. The plants are submersed, rootless aquatics with highly dissected, branching leaves; they have reduced, separately sexed, petalless flowers. There are probably only six species distributed throughout fresh-water systems worldwide.
Industry:Science
An order of flowering plants (angiosperms) that includes the bromeliads, grasses, restios, rushes, and sedges. It comprises approximately 18 families and more than 18,000 species, over half of which are grasses (Poaceae). These families in general include plants without showy flowers (except for Bromeliaceae, Xyridaceae, and Rapateaceae) and with a grasslike form. These plants dominate vast areas of the Earth's surface and include some important grain crops, such as corn (<i>Zea mays</i>), rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>), and wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>), as well as rushes, sedges, grasses used for thatch, and bamboos used for construction.
Industry:Science
An order of flowering plants (Magnoliophyta, or angiosperms), in the subclass Asteridae (Eudicotyledons). The order consists of some 22 families with approximately 1100 genera and over 21,000 species. Seven families (Acanthaceae, Gesneriaceae, Lamiaceae, Orobanchaceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Verbenaceae) have more than 1000 species. Orobanchaceae, Plantaginaceae, and Scrophulariaceae represent monophyletic groups segregated from the polyphyletic former Scrophulariaceae <i>sensu lato</i>. Members of the Lamiales are distributed worldwide with some families being predominantly tropical (such as Acanthaceae, Bignoniaceae, Gesneriaceae, Verbenaceae) and some being predominantly temperate (such as Oleaceae, Orobanchaceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae). Lamiaceae, the largest family, is well represented in both tropical and temperate floras.
Industry:Science
An order of flowering plants composed of seven eumagnoliid families of tropical tree species that are important ecologically; some are shrubs. They include in total about 2500 species. They are most closely related to Magnoliales, from which they differ in their partly inferior ovaries and their biaperturate or inaperturate pollen, and then to Winterales and Piperales. Lauraceae (the laurel or cinnamon family) are the best known and largest, but Monimiaceae and its segregates (Atherospermataceae and Siparunaceae) are also important. Nearly all species have aromatic oils, which are important spices, perfumes, and medicines; their flowers are for the most part small and often arranged in distinct whorls, but some such as those of Calycanthaceae are large and much like those of Magnoliales in that parts are arranged spirally and intergrade.
Industry:Science
