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An order of flowering plants, division Magnoliophyta in the subclass Asteridae of the class Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons). It consists of 7 families and about 2500 species. The order is distinguished in this subclass by its chiefly herbaceous habit, alternate leaves, inferior ovary, and stamens which are free from the corolla or attached at the base of the tube. About 2000 of the species belong to the single family Campanulaceae. This family and two others in the order have a specialized pollen presentation mechanism. The anthers converge or unite around the young style, which grows up through the anther tube and pushes out the pollen. Several familiar ornamentals, including the Canterbury bell (<i>Campanula medium</i>) and the cardinal flower (<i>Lobelia cardinalis</i>), belong to the Campanulaceae.
Industry:Science
An order of flowering plants, division Magnoliophyta, in the euasterid I group of the asterid eudicotyledons. The order consists of two large and three small families, of approximately 4275 species. Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae account for all but 25 of the species. Solanales are generally characterized by sympetalous flowers (in early developmental stages only in <i>Montinia</i>) with a superior ovary, and alternate leaves.
Industry:Science
An order of flowering plants, division Magnoliophyta, in the eudicots. Consisting of three families, the order is one of the most controversial in current classifications, with a lack of obvious morphological characters linking the family Nelumbonaceae (two species) to the other two families, Platanaceae (seven species) and Proteaceae (about 1350 species). However, DNA sequences indicate that the three families form a natural group, and detailed studies have revealed that Platanaceae and Proteaceae share similar wood anatomy.
Industry:Science
An order of flowering plants, division Magnoliophyta, in the monocots, consisting of eight families and about 1800 species. Zingiberales (also known as Scitamineae or Scitaminales) are morphologically well defined and clearly circumscribed in DNA sequence analyses. The largest families are Zingiberaceae (about 1000 species), Marantaceae (about 400 species), Costaceae (about 150 species), and Heliconiaceae (about 100 species). Zingiberales are most closely related to Commelinales, and the enigmatic <i>Hanguana</i> from southeast Asia is difficult to place with certainty in either order. Zingiberales are herbs or scarcely branched trees or shrubs with pinnately veined leaves and irregular flowers that have well-differentiated sepals and petals, an inferior ovary, septal or septa-derived nectaries, and usually either one or five functional stamens. The endosperm is starchy, and the stomates have two or (usually) more subsidiary cells. The economic crops, ginger (<i>Zingiber officinale</i>) in Zingiberaceae and banana (<i>Musa</i>) in Musaceae, and the ornamentals, bird of paradise flower (<i>Strelitzia</i>) in Strelitziaceae and <i>Canna</i> in Cannaceae, are familiar members of Zingiberales.
Industry:Science
An order of fossil plants found in Middle and Upper Devonian rocks. The group is related to Sphenophyllales and includes a single family and two monotypic genera. <i>Pseudobornia ursina</i> is known from Bear Island (north of Norway), Alaska, and Germany. <i>Prosseria grandis</i> is found in New York State. Sphenopsid characters are more firmly established in this order than in Hyeniales.
Industry:Science
An order of free-swimming, shrimplike crustaceans, commonly known as opossum shrimps, belonging to the subclass Eumalacostraca. They occur in vast numbers in coastal and open oceanic regions of the world. Mysida were once classified along with the Lophogastrida into an order Mysidacea, but the two, along with a closely allied extinct Paleozoic group, Pygocephalomorpha, are now generally considered to be separate orders. The mysidan adult body length generally averages about 0.6 in. (15 mm), and most species are distributed in shallow coastal and shelf waters of the oceans. A few mysidans live in the surface layers of the ocean bottoms. In addition, some species have invaded freshwaters, including specialized forms strictly confined to caves.
Industry:Science
An order of fresh-water branchiopod crustaceans formerly included in the order Conchostraca. The entire body and its appendages are covered by a bivalve carapace up to about 17 mm (0.7 in.) long, hence the name clam shrimp. The carapace is often bilaterally compressed and usually displays several lines of growth. The head cannot be protruded. It usually bears paired sessile eyes, but these are fused in <i>Cyclestheria</i>. Locomotion is by means of large antennae. The mandibles are of the rolling, grinding type.
Industry:Science
An order of fresh-water branchiopod crustaceans, formerly included in the Cladocera. Exceptionally these organisms may be as much as 6 mm (0.24 in.) in length, but often are less than 1 mm (0.04 in.). So-called water fleas of the genus <i>Daphnia</i> are the most familiar anomopods. <i>Daphnia</i> and its close relatives swim freely in open water; however, many anomopods are benthic, predominantly crawling species.
Industry:Science
An order of fungi known as plant rusts that belong to the division (phylum) Basidiomycota. In nature, all 7000 species are obligate parasites of many vascular plant species. They cause diseases known as rust on numerous cultivated crops such as asparagus, onions, beans, snapdragons, and sunflowers. Ferns, fern allies, pines and their relatives, and many other trees are also attacked. Each rust species infects one or just a few closely related plant host species.
Industry:Science
An order of generalized fishes, including the salmons and trouts, characterized by soft or articulated fin rays; the presence (usually) of an adipose dorsal fin; cycloid scales (scales absent in few species); pelvic fins in the abdominal region and each with more than six rays and an associated axillary process (absent in Osmeridea); a pelvic girdle free from the pectoral girdle; a pectoral fin placed low on the side and more or less horizontal; an upper jaw usually bordered by premaxillae and maxillae; nonprotractile premaxillae; the presence (usually) of an orbitosphenoid bone as well as a mesocoracoid arch in the pectoral girdle; the absence of Weberian apparatus connecting the swim bladder with the inner ear; a physostomous (connected to the esophagus) air bladder; the larvae are not leptocephalous-like; and there are no luminescent organs.
Industry:Science
