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An order of teleost fishes consisting of two monophyletic clades, suborders Osteoglossoidei and Notopteroidei. The Osteoglossoidei consists of one family, the Osteoglossidae (bonytongues and butterfly fishes), which occur in freshwaters of tropical South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia to northern Australia. The Notopteroidei consist of three extant families, Notopteridae (Old World knifefishes and featherfin knifefishes, or featherbacks), Mormyridae (elephantfishes), and Gymnarchidae (gymnarchid eel). The featherbacks are native to central tropical Africa, India, and the Malay Archipelago. The elephantfish family, having a long proboscislike snout in many species, is the most species-rich osteoglossiform taxon but is limited to tropical Africa and the Nile River. The family Gymnarchidae is represented by a single species, <i>Gymnarchus niloticus</i>, of tropical Africa including the upper Nile.
Industry:Science
An order of teleost fishes in the superorder Protacanthopterygii. These fishes, collectively called the argentines or herring smelts, were elevated from Osmeriformes (which are treated herein as a superfamily of the Salmoniformes) to ordinal rank.
Industry:Science
An order of teleost fishes sharing the superorder Ostariophysi, series Otophysi, with the Cypriniformes (minnows, carps, and suckers), Siluriformes (catfishes), and Gymnotiformes (knife fishes).
Industry:Science
An order of teleost fishes, also known as Haplomi and Esocae. Fishes of this small order, comprising two families and 10 species, can be identified by a combination of the following characteristics: dorsal and anal fins are posteriorly placed on a rather slender body; maxillae are in the gape of the mouth and toothless; small uniform teeth are on the tongue and basibranchial elements; and there are no adipose fin, breeding tubercles, pyloric ceca, or mesocoracoid bone. Both families occur in freshwater of the Northern Hemisphere.
Industry:Science
An order of the Acanthocephala, the adults of which are parasitic worms found in fishes, aquatic birds, and mammals. They have the following characteristics. The nuclei of the hypodermis are fragmented and the chief lacunar vessels are lateral. The males have usually two to seven cement glands. The ligament sac in the female breaks down so that the eggs develop in the body cavity. Proboscis hooks occur in long rows and spines are present on the body of some species. Species which commonly occur in vertebrates are <i>Leptorhynchoides thecatus</i> and <i>Corynosoma</i>.
Industry:Science
An order of the Arachnida characterized by chelate pedipalps and chelicerae (pincerlike appendages), pectines (feathery chemo- and mechanoreceptors used to survey the texture of the ground surface and detect pheromones), and a narrow, flexible postabdomen bearing a venomous segment (telson) with a terminal sting (aculeus).
Industry:Science
An order of the Ascolichenes shared by the Ascomycetes. This order formerly included all lichens with linear elongate ascocarps called hysterothecia. But species with true paraphyses are now classified in the family Graphidaceae of the Lecanorales, leaving in the lichenized Hysteriales only those species with a so-called ascolocular structure.
Industry:Science
An order of the Ascolichenes, also known as the Discolichenes. Lecanorales is the largest and most typical order of lichens and parallels closely the fungal order Helotiales. The apothecia are open and discoid, with a typical hymenium and hypothecium. There are four growth forms—crustose, squamulose, foliose, and fruticose—all showing greater variability than any other order of lichens.
Industry:Science
An order of the Ascolichenes. This order is characterized by an unusual apothecium. The hymenial layer originates normally, but by the time the spores are mature, the asci and paraphyses have partially disintegrated into a mass of spores and hymenial tissues known as a mazaedium. In the family Caliciaceae the disk is borne on a short stalk 0.04–0.32 in. (1–8 mm) high, a peculiar structure that is also known in the nonlichenized Roesleriaceae. These two families are so close that some species in either one may or may not lichenize symbiotic algae. The primary thallus of the Caliciaceae is a powdery grayish or lemon-yellow crust on soil or rotten wood. There are six genera separated by spore septation and color. The family Cypheliaceae with seven genera is more typically crustose, with sessile apothecia and a more fully developed thallus. The Sphaerophoraceae are fruticose, much like <i>Cladonia</i> sp., but the thallus is solid. The apothecia are open or enclosed in a spherical chamber at the tips of branches. The largest genus, <i>Sphaerophorus</i>, is widespread in boreal zones and mountains of both hemispheres.
Industry:Science
An order of the class Anopla in the phylum Rhynchocoela, with an unarmed proboscis, a thick partly fibrous dermis, and a three-layered body musculature composed of outer longitudinal, median circular, and inner longitudinal strata. Cerebral organs, cephalic grooves and slits, and eyes are generally present. The alimentary system consists of a mouth, foregut, intestine with regular lateral diverticula but no cecum, and anus. The principal family, Lineidae, contains some of the most common and best-known rhynchocoelan genera of temperate seashores, such as <i>Lineus</i> (“bootlace worms”), <i>Micrura</i>, and <i>Cerebratulus</i> (“ribbon worms”); the last one widely used in studies on regeneration, embryology, and nutrition. Heteronemertini are mainly marine littoral in habit.
Industry:Science
