- 行业: Printing & publishing
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McGraw Hill Financial, Inc. is an American publicly traded corporation headquartered in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its primary areas of business are financial, publishing, and business services.
Silicon and oxygen are the most abundant elements in the Earth, excluding the metallic core. The Earth's crust and mantle are dominated by silicates, which are chemical compounds formed by silicon and oxygen. Changes in coordination of silicon by oxygen in the minerals with increasing pressure result in changes of physical properties, such as density, and transport properties of the silicates. The density changes, in particular, can be associated with seismic discontinuities within the Earth.
Industry:Science
In quantum mechanics, the stationary state of lowest energy of a particle or a system of particles. The ground state may be bound or unbound; when bound, its energy generally is a finite amount less than the energy of the next higher or first excited state. In the typical circumstances that the potential energy is zero at infinite separation, the magnitude of the negative ground-state energy is the binding energy, that is, the energy required to separate all the particles infinitely.
Industry:Science
Neutrinos produced in nuclear reactions inside the Sun. Neutrinos are produced as well in laboratory nuclear reactions. The first direct tests of how the Sun produces its luminosity (observed most conspicuously on Earth as sunlight) have been carried out by observing solar neutrinos. The results of these experiments confirm the theory of how the Sun shines and stars evolve. Moreover, the results show that neutrinos behave differently than is predicted by the standard model of particle physics.
Industry:Science
Proved reserves are the estimated quantities of crude oil liquids which with reasonable certainty can be recovered in future years from delineated reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. Thus, estimates of crude oil reserves do not include synthetic liquids which at some time in the future may be produced by converting coal or oil shale, nor do reserves include fluids which may be recovered following the future implementation of a supplementary or enhanced recovery scheme.
Industry:Science
In fluid mechanics, a mathematical idea which satisfies identically, and therefore eliminates completely, the equation of mass conservation. If the flow field consists of only two space coordinates, for example, <i>x</i> and <i>y</i>, a single and very useful stream function ψ(<i>x</i>,<i>y</i>) will arise. If there are three space coordinates, such as (<i>x</i>,<i>y</i>,<i>z</i>), multiple stream functions are then needed, and the idea becomes much less useful and is much less widely employed.
Industry:Science
In recent years there have been major advances in understanding the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), as well as a dramatic increase in the number of antivirals available to treat acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The discovery of HIV-1 co-receptors has shed light on the mechanism of virus tropism. Achievement of undetectable virus levels in the plasma of AIDS patients on triple drug therapy has renewed optimism regarding the potential for long-term control of infection.
Industry:Science
Open source software is not a specific program or company so much as a philosophy of creating and distributing intellectual property. While a group called the Open Source Initiative has published an explicit definition, the term is generally regarded as the practice of writing software in such a way that others are encouraged to freely redistribute it. Moreover, the most popular form of open source explicitly prohibits making changes to such code without also making the changes freely available.
Industry:Science
Photography, literally, drawing with light, is the process of making pictures by recording the visually meaningful changes in the light reflected by a scene. This goal was envisioned and realized for plate and film photography over 150 years ago by pioneers Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, and William Fox Talbot, whose invention of the negative led to reproducible photography. Niépce created the first permanent photograph in 1826, titled <i>View from the Window at Gras</i>.
Industry:Science
In some colored transparent crystals, the effect wherein the color is quite different in different directions through the crystals. In such a crystal the absorption of light is different for different polarization directions. Tourmaline offers one of the best-known examples of this phenomenon. In colored transparent tourmaline the effect may be so strong that one polarized component of a light beam is wholly absorbed, and the crystal can be used as a polarizer. For a fuller discussion of the effect
Industry:Science
Results of clinical laboratory tests and other observations are interpreted by comparing them with <i>reference values</i> obtained from relevant individuals whose state of health is known. Instead of reporting numerous reference values, they are usually subjected to statistical analysis, followed by cutting off the extremes of the distribution by setting <i>reference limits</i> and reporting a <i>reference interval</i> containing a stated proportion (often the central 95%) of the reference values.
Industry:Science
