- 行业: Printing & publishing
- Number of terms: 178089
- Number of blossaries: 0
- Company Profile:
McGraw Hill Financial, Inc. is an American publicly traded corporation headquartered in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its primary areas of business are financial, publishing, and business services.
Modern information technology, supported by computers and communications, has dramatically improved productivity among individuals engaged in a wide range of tasks. Computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) aims to provide similar improvements for multiple individuals consciously working together in the same production process or in different but related production processes. The concepts behind CSCW have led to the development of groupware (multiuser software). Groupware enables collaboration in many areas, such as document writing, virtual meetings, and distance learning and medicine (for example, telesurgery).
Industry:Science
Most chemical processes (laboratory and industrial) occur in liquid phases used as reaction or separation media. Processes in the liquid state benefit from a comparatively fast mass and heat transfer, low viscosity, and high particle density. Dense states, however, can also be generated in compressed gases. At low temperature, if a gas is compressed to high density, it will condense into a liquid. Above a certain temperature, known as the critical temperature, any gas can be compressed gradually to a liquidlike density without undergoing such a transition. The resulting dense phase is called a supercritical fluid.
Industry:Science
Originally a substitution reaction, catalyzed by aluminum chloride, in which an alkyl (R–) group or an acyl (RCO–) group replaces a hydrogen atom of an aromatic nucleus. Later, the term came to imply any of a group of electrophilic reactions in which the production of an intermediate cation or positively polarized complex species was catalyzed, either directly or indirectly, by the presence of a Lewis acid or a Brønsted-Lowry acid. The broadened definition embraces some addition, isomerization, elimination, and cracking reactions as well as the synthetically important alkylation or acylation of aromatic systems.
Industry:Science
Severe enteritis caused by a small nonenveloped single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that is resistant to inactivation and remains infectious in the environment for 5–7 months. First observed in dogs in 1976, canine parvovirus may have originated by mutation of a closely related parvovirus of cats or wildlife. The original virus was designated as canine parvovirus, type 2 (CPV-2); however, since its discovery the virus has undergone two minor genetic alterations, designated CPV-2a and CPV-2b. These alterations may have enabled the virus to adapt to its new host, replicate, and spread more effectively.
Industry:Science
Land surfaces characterized by roughness and strong relief. The distinction between hills and mountains is usually one of relative size or height, but the terms are loosely and inconsistently used. Because of the prevalence of steep slopes, hill and mountain lands offer many difficulties to human occupancy. Cultivable land is scarce and patchy, and transportation routes are often difficult to construct and maintain. However, many rough lands, especially those readily accessible to centers of population, attract tourists because of their scenic quality and the opportunities they may afford for outdoor recreation.
Industry:Science
Methods for constructing walls for buildings. Walls are constructed in different forms and of various materials to serve several functions. Exterior walls protect the building interior from external environmental effects such as heat and cold, sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, rain and snow, and sound, while containing desirable interior environmental conditions. Walls are also designed to provide resistance to passage of fire for some defined period of time, such as a one-hour wall. Walls often contain doors and windows, which provide for controlled passage of environmental factors and people through the wall line.
Industry:Science
In the last few years, there has been significant progress toward designing new types of transmitter arrays for acoustic and electromagnetic radiation. The radiation from these arrays would propagate without spreading and without diminishing in intensity for greater distances than previously was possible. A promising approach to the design of such arrays is through a new class of three-dimensional solutions of the relevant wave equations, which have been named acoustic Bessel bullets. These arrays could have wide-ranging applications in such fields as radar, sonar, biomedical ultrasonics, and nondestructive testing.
Industry:Science
International concern about climate change is increasing, and this major world issue is not without its controversy. At the heart of debate is whether human-made carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions affect the Earth's climate; most in the scientific community agree that such anthropogenic greenhouse gases are the primary cause of global warming. Recent studies also suggest other reasons to consider reducing CO<sub>2</sub> emissions to the atmosphere, including an across-the-globe increase in the ocean's acidity, thought to be responsible for major effects on coral reefs and other significant oceanic ecosystems.
Industry:Science
Raman spectroscopy offers a powerful new way to look at atherosclerotic tissue. Rather than categorizing disease in terms of arterial luminal diameter reduction, Raman spectroscopy allows a qualitative and quantitative biochemical description of the diseased vascular segment. The clinical implications are enormous, inasmuch as plaque composition rather than plaque volume appears to be the most important predictor of clinical outcome. Knowledge of plaque composition is likely to improve the physician's ability to predict plaque behavior, and it may also provide a means to monitor the effects of medical interventions.
Industry:Science
Relative and quantitative techniques used to arrange events in time and to determine the numerical age of events in history, geology, paleontology, archeology, paleoanthropology, and astronomy. Relative techniques allow the order of events to be determined, whereas quantitative techniques allow numerical estimates of the ages of the events. Most numerical techniques are based on decay of naturally occurring radioactive nuclides, but a few are based on chemical changes through time, and others are based on variations in the Earth's orbit. Once calibrated, some relative techniques also allow numerical estimates of age.
Industry:Science
