- 行业: Printing & publishing
- Number of terms: 178089
- Number of blossaries: 0
- Company Profile:
McGraw Hill Financial, Inc. is an American publicly traded corporation headquartered in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its primary areas of business are financial, publishing, and business services.
Satellite navigation systems provide a number of significant benefits over traditional ground-based navigation aids. These benefits include global coverage, improved accuracy, and the ability to support area navigation (the ability to navigate along any arbitrary course as opposed to only along defined routes). The U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) are used today for a number of safety-critical applications, including navigation of aircraft and ships. Other satellite navigation systems are emerging and are expected to be in use for such applications within the next decade.
Industry:Science
Laser marking is the process of directing a laser beam to etch the surface of a porous or nonporous material substrate to provide the contrast for legible characters, graphics, and machine-readable symbols, such as one- and two-dimensional barcodes. Laser marking devices date back to the early 1980s for marking and coding food products and metals. A laser marking system is an assembly of electrical, mechanical, and optical components, which includes a laser. There are many methods for directing the laser beam onto the material substrate to produce a mark. Mask, galvanometric scanning, and acoustic optic are the most common methods used.
Industry:Science
Personal transportation is a major component of greenhouse gas emissions as well as household expenses in the United States, accounting for about 18% of each. Both vehicle miles traveled and car ownership, the major determinants of both emissions and household costs, have risen continuously since the 1940s and at far higher rates than general population growth. Yet, it is only relatively recently that the effects of land use and transportation infrastructure investments, on the one hand, and pricing policies for roads, parking, auto insurance, fuel, and vehicles, on the other hand, have begun to attract significant researcher attention.
Industry:Science
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a reproductive technology that allows couples at genetic risk to avoid the birth of affected offspring and to avoid facing prenatal genetic diagnosis and termination of pregnancy. Principally different from prenatal diagnosis, instead of preventing the birth of an affected child, preimplantation genetic diagnosis allows establishment of an unaffected embryo for the pregnancy from the onset and birth of an unaffected offspring. The detection and consequent avoidance of transfer of embryos with chromosomal abnormalities are also becoming an integral part of assisted reproductive technology (ART).
Industry:Science
Polypeptides and proteins exhibit enormous structural diversity. The diverse three-dimensional organization of atoms within these macromolecules underlies the remarkable versatility in protein function. The protein biopolymer plays both structural and functional roles in living systems. For example, the molecular machines that convert light energy into chemical energy, coordinate the movement of muscle, transport oxygen in the blood, and catalyze chemical reactions are based primarily on protein biopolymers. In addition, the distinctive physical properties of proteins such as collagen and silk arise from their unique molecular structure.
Industry:Science
Mangrove forests thrive in the intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical coasts. They have several ecological, socioeconomical, and physical functions that are essential in maintaining biodiversity and protecting human populations. Their complex architecture, combined with their location on the edge of land and sea, makes mangrove forests strategic greenbelts that have a doubly protective function. They protect seaward habitats against influences from land, and they protect the landward coastal zone against influences from the ocean. The tsunami that occurred on December 26, 2004, revealed the valuable buffering functions of mangroves.
Industry:Science
Over the last decade, the quest to improve vehicle safety has intensified dramatically and is now used as a sales feature. Nevertheless, in the design of restraints, commercial pressures focus on meeting legal requirements for vehicle approval, even though such requirements use dummies that do not represent the range of car occupant shapes, sizes, and driving positions. A person with poorer skeletal characteristics may not be able to withstand the current fixed levels of restraint forces without sustaining injuries. Conversely, a person with better skeletal characteristics may be capable of withstanding greater levels of restraint forces.
Industry:Science
Land degradation in low-rainfall and seasonally dry areas of the Earth. It can be viewed as both a process and the resulting condition. Desertification involves the impoverishment of vegetation and soil resources. Key characteristics include the degradation of natural vegetation cover and undesirable changes in the composition of forage species, deterioration in soil quality, decreasing water availability, and increased soil erosion from wind and water. Desertification is a global problem. Various stages of desertification can be seen in most of the world's drylands. In rare cases, desertification leads to abandoned, desertlike landscapes.
Industry:Science
Production of food with the aid of microorganisms, which may be yeasts, molds, or bacteria. Well-known examples of such foods are bread, cheese, beer, wine, vinegar, some sausages, sauerkraut, yogurt, and cultured milk. This article deals with fermented foods produced and consumed in large amounts by millions of people in Africa and Asia. In Japan, for example, soy sauce (shoyu) is consumed at the rate of 11 quarts (10 liters) per capita per year, and annual production is close to 330,900 gallons (1,252,600 liters). Production of miso and natto is in the range of 625,900 and 174,200 tons (567,800 and 158,000 metric tons), respectively.
Industry:Science
Physical and chemical processes for making water suitable for human consumption and other purposes. Drinking water must be pathogenically safe, free from toxic or harmful chemical or substances, and comparatively free of turbidity, color, and taste- or odor-producing substances. Excessive hardness and high concentration of dissolved solids are also undesirable, particularly for boiler feedwater and industrial purposes. The treatment processes commonly used are sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, disinfection, softening, and aeration. A recently developed water treatment technology uses pressure-driven membranes as a barrier to pollutants.
Industry:Science
