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McGraw Hill Financial, Inc. is an American publicly traded corporation headquartered in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its primary areas of business are financial, publishing, and business services.
That category of weapons which are typically delivered on target by fixed or rotary-wing aircraft, with the exception of nuclear weapons. Specifically included are guns and ammunition, rockets, free-fall bombs, cluster weapons that consist of a dispenser and submunitions, air-to-air and air-to-surface guided weapons, mines, and antiradiation missiles. Nuclear weapons such as the air-launched cruise missile and nuclear bombs, which are delivered by aircraft, are considered strategic weapons, a specific class of air armament. Related to, but not included as, armament are carrying racks and ejector mechanisms, fire-control computers, interface electronics, and head-up displays, which are critical to delivering the unguided weapons accurately.
Industry:Science
The Earth's biodiversity is not distributed evenly across its surface. To understand biogeographic patterns, it is necessary not only to consider current conditions (of climate, ecology, etc.), but also to view them in their historical context, as outcomes of both biotic (for example, speciation or adaptation) and abiotic (for example, geological) evolutionary processes. The field of historical biogeography is grounded in the principle that histories of Earth and life are intimately linked, such that knowledge about one may inform scientific inquiries about the other. One such line of inquiry is focused on unraveling the geographic history of species and their ancestors: where did species occur in the past, and how did biogeographic processes such as dispersal, extinction, and speciation cause their ranges to change over time (that is, evolve), giving rise to what we observe today? Recent developments of new statistical models for how geographic ranges evolve as species descend from common ancestors are allowing this question to be addressed with increasing sophistication.
Industry:Science
Systems, predominantly computing systems, telecommunication systems, and other computer-based systems, which tolerate undesired changes in their internal structure or external environment. Such changes, generally referred to as faults, may occur at various times during the evolution of a system, beginning with its specification and proceeding through its utilization. Faults that occur during specification, design, implementation, or modification are called design faults; faults that occur during utilization are referred to as operational faults. Design faults are due to mistakes made by humans or by automated design tools in the process of specifying, designing, implementing, or modifying a system. Operational faults can be physical or human and can occur internally or externally. Examples include component failures (physical-internal), temperature and radiation stress (physical-external), mistakes by human operators who are integral parts of the system (human-internal), and inadvertent or deliberate interference by humans who interact with the system (human-external).
Industry:Science
The electrical transmission and reception of transient visual images. Like motion pictures, television consists of a series of successive images which are registered in the brain as a continuous picture because of the persistence of vision. Each visual image impressed on the eye persists for a fraction of a second. At the television transmitter, minute portions of a scene are sampled individually for brightness and color, and the information for each portion is transmitted consecutively. At the receiver, each portion is synchronized and reproduced in its proper position and with correct brightness and color to reproduce the original scene.
Industry:Science
The Crocodilia (also Crocodylia) of today are the only living members of the great archosaurian group that ruled the world throughout the Mesozoic era (251–65 million years ago (mya)). As such, these animals, together with birds, represent the only relatives of extinct dinosaurs, thecodonts, and pterosaurs. Biologists recognize approximately 21 extant species, divided into three major lineages: the gavials, alligators, and crocodiles. For many people, the Crocodilia are familiar amphibious reptiles that occupy most of the tropical and subtropical climates throughout the world. These animals have essentially remained unchanged since the Late Cretaceous (65.5 mya) and retain a remarkable body armor. It is interesting to think how animals that are so heavily armored are able to be sensitive to the environment. Another consideration when examining their sensory systems is the nature of their environment. Crocodilians live, mate, and hunt prey both on land and in water. Animals that thrive on both land and underwater are faced with the task of interpreting stimuli in different media.
Industry:Science
The human population may double by midcentury. Coupled with improved living standards in underdeveloped nations, this growth will demand unprecedented increases in agricultural production. The great threat to meeting these needs is decreased crop productivity caused by soil erosion. Agricultural productivity and production value are highest in irrigated arid areas, which tend to have shallow, highly erodible soils. Thus, the agricultural systems most capable of meeting future needs are also the most threatened by erosion. Developing effective erosion control methods to protect the sustainability of the Earth's soil is of utmost importance.
Industry:Science
The branch of engineering involved in the research, design, improvement, operation, and commercialization of plants, processes, and products for the chemical industry and related fields, such as biotechnology, energy, and materials. The work of chemical engineers has evolved continuously with the changing needs of society. Chemical engineering arose from attempts at inventing ways to make products such as gunpowder and wine. Early on (in the nineteenth century), the large-scale and efficient manufacturing of inorganic chemicals, such as salt, soda ash, sulfuric acid, and nitrogen fixation, were the main occupation of American chemical engineers. However, for the small-scale dyestuff and drug industries in Europe, chemical engineers were less involved. In the twentieth century, large-scale petroleum refining, petrochemicals, and polymers were the dominant industrial problems. In the twenty-first century, the focus has shifted to smaller-scale processes across many disciplines of science and technology, such as molecular biology, genetics, information technology, and nanotechnology.
Industry:Science
The Bantu language family comprises over 450 languages spoken across most of sub-Saharan Africa south of about 5° North. It belongs to the Niger-Kordofanian phylum (a maximal group of related languages), whose other languages are found mostly in West Africa. The languages spoken in the northwest of the Bantu-speaking region are the most divergent in their vocabulary from other Bantu languages, suggesting that Bantu originated there. The level of diversity within the Bantu languages compared with that of languages for which there are longer historical records, such as Latin and French, suggests that they began to diverge around 5000 years ago.
Industry:Science
The consumption of living plant tissue by animals. Plants and the animals that consume them constitute roughly one-half of the scientifically described species. Herbivorous species occur in most of the major taxonomic groups of animals, including the vertebrates (such as grazing fish, tortoises, geese, and hoofed mammals), echinoderms (sea urchins), mollusks (snails and slugs), nematodes (roundworms), and arthropods (including crabs, lobsters, copepods, amphipods, and isopods; mites; and especially insects, such as beetles, caterpillars of moths and butterflies, larvae of many flies, sawflies, grasshoppers, aphids and their relatives, thrips, and stick insects). Herbivorous insects alone may account for one-quarter of all species. The fraction of all biomass produced by plants that is eaten by herbivores varies widely among plants and ecosystems, ranging from less than 1% to nearly 90%. Thus, in terms of both the number of species involved and the role that herbivory plays in the flow of energy and nutrients in ecosystems, herbivory is a key ecological interaction between species.
Industry:Science
The flamingos, a small monotypic order of wading birds that includes the family Phoenicopteridae, which has five species in one genus <i>Phoenicopterus</i> found worldwide in tropical to temperate marine and fresh waters; four species are found in South America, of which three live in the Andes. The flamingos were formally included in the Ciconiiformes and are still placed there by many researchers; others have advocated a close relationship with either the Anseriformes or the Charadriiformes. None of these classifications, however, are strongly supported by available evidence, and so it is best to place these bizarre birds in a unique order.
Industry:Science
