- 行业: Printing & publishing
- Number of terms: 178089
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- Company Profile:
McGraw Hill Financial, Inc. is an American publicly traded corporation headquartered in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its primary areas of business are financial, publishing, and business services.
The removal of small amounts of fine, particulate solids from liquids. The purpose is almost invariably to improve the quality of the liquid, and the removed solids often are discarded. The particles removed by a clarifier may be as large as 100 micrometers or as small as 2 micrometers. Clarification is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, beverages, rayon, nylon, and other fiber and film polymers; in the reconditioning of electroplating solutions; in the recovery of dry-cleaning solvent; and for the purification of drinking water and wastewater. The filters in the feed line and lubricating oil system of an internal combustion engine are clarifiers.
Industry:Science
The overall input-output accuracy of a signal storage or transmission system. Many attributes contribute to fidelity. In an audio recording-playback system, some of the individual attributes are distortion, bandwidth, signal-to-noise ratio, group delay, and loudspeaker dispersion. Most system designers would agree that noise and distortion are of chief importance. The fidelity of video systems depends on many attributes, including optical quality, bandwidth, dynamic range, and phosphor brilliance, whereas that of a motion picture system depends on optical quality, mechanical stability in camera and projector, and the exposure-density relationships of the film.
Industry:Science
The phenomenon associated with the interference processes which occur when neutrons are scattered by the atoms within solids, liquids, and gases. The use of neutron diffraction as an experimental technique is relatively new compared to electron and x-ray diffraction, since successful application requires high thermal-neutron fluxes, which can be obtained only from nuclear reactors. (A thermal neutron is defined as a neutron possessing a kinetic energy of about 0.025 eV.) These diffraction investigations are possible because thermal neutrons have energies with equivalent wavelengths near 0.1 nm and are therefore ideally suited for interatomic interference studies.
Industry:Science
The study of those motions of the atmosphere that are associated with weather and climate. Atmospheric motions span an enormous range of spatial and temporal scales; dynamic meteorology concentrates mainly on large-scale and mesoscale motions. Large-scale motions are those with horizontal scales in excess of a few hundred kilometers and time scales longer than a day. Such motions are strongly influenced by the rotation of the Earth and by the vertical thermal stratification of the atmosphere. Mesoscale motions have horizontal scales in the range of a few kilometers to a few hundred kilometers; they are often associated with convective clouds and precipitation.
Industry:Science
The science, that is, the general and universal properties, of language. Interest in language seems to have arisen in the earliest history of the human species. Every culture has left records that reveal philosophical or practical concerns for this unique human characteristic, and these concerns have varied over time. The middle of the twentieth century saw a shift in the principal direction of linguistic inquiry from one of data collection and classification to the formulation of a theory of generative grammar, which focuses on the biological basis for the acquisition and use of human language and the universal principles that constrain the class of all languages.
Industry:Science
The theory of games of strategy can briefly be characterized as the application of mathematical analysis to abstract models of conflict situations. The first such models analyzed by the theory were parlor games such as chess, poker, and bridge. Since then, models arising from the behavioral sciences such as economics, sociology, and political science have been analyzed. Game theory is used in or closely connected to other areas such as linear programming, statistical decisions, management science, operations research, and military planning. In certain areas, the language and concepts of the theory are sometimes used even though the corresponding mathematics is not.
Industry:Science
The mutual attraction between all masses and particles of matter in the universe. In a sense this is one of the best-known physical phenomena. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries gravitational astronomy, based on Newton's laws, attracted many of the leading mathematicians and was brought to such a pitch that it seemed that only extra numerical refinements would be needed in order to account in detail for the motions of all celestial bodies. In the twentieth century, however, Albert Einstein with his general theory of relativity and the concurrent development of quantum mechanics shattered this complacency. The subject is currently in a healthy state of flux.
Industry:Science
The orderly patterns of metabolic and developmental reactions giving rise to the unique characteristics of the individual and of its species. It is one of the most widespread and characteristic properties of living organisms. Biological specificity is most pronounced and best understood at the cellular and molecular levels of organization, where the shapes of individual molecules allow them to selectively recognize and bind to one another. The main principle which guides this recognition is termed complementarity. Just as a hand fits perfectly into a glove, molecules which are complementary have mirror-image shapes that allow them to selectively bind to each other.
Industry:Science
The physicist Richard Feynman gave a prophetic lecture more than 40 years ago in which he predicted much of the miniaturization that would occur in the ensuing years. To date, miniaturization has been demonstrated in many fields, such as electronics, information storage, and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) in the range of scales that Feynman paradoxically described in his lecture “Plenty of Room at the Bottom.” Perhaps deliberately, he did not mention power generation. The power generating component is often the factor determining the size and weight of a number of portable consumer electronics (for example, mobile phones) and hampering further miniaturization.
Industry:Science
The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the output to the input of power (energy or work per unit time). As is common in engineering, this concept is defined precisely and made measurable. Thus, a gear transmission is 97% efficient when the useful energy output is 97% of the input, the other 3% being lost as heat due to friction. A boiler is 75% efficient when its product (steam) contains 75% of the heat theoretically contained in the fuel consumed. All automobile engines have low efficiency (below 30%) because of the total energy content of fuel converted to heat; only a portion provides motive power, while a substantial amount is lost in radiator and car exhaust.
Industry:Science
