- 行业: Printing & publishing
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McGraw Hill Financial, Inc. is an American publicly traded corporation headquartered in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its primary areas of business are financial, publishing, and business services.
The processing and formulation (dosage form) of a drug may affect important pharmaceutical properties, such as form purity (whether the drug contains polymorphic or amorphous content, which might make it less therapeutically active), dissolution characteristics, chemical and physical stability, and bioavailability. Although it currently is not widely used for the characterization of pharmaceutical formulations, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful technique that is useful for studying pharmaceutical materials. Because the spectrum for each polymorphic/amorphous form is often unique, the NMR method makes it possible to identify the state of the drug as well as the inactive ingredients used in drugs (excipients). Peaks from excipients are usually in a different region (chemical shift or frequency) of the NMR spectrum than are the peaks from drugs.
Industry:Science
The long-term development or conservation of an area and the establishment of a relationship between local objectives and regional goals. Land-use planning is often guided by laws and regulations. The legal basis of land-use regulation in the United States is the police power of a city (or county) to protect the health, safety, and welfare of its residents. The major instrument for current land-use planning is the establishment of zones that divide an area into districts which are subject to specified regulations. Although land-use planning is sometimes done by private property owners, the term usually refers to permitting by government agencies. Land-use planning is conducted at a variety of scales, from plans by local city governments to regulations by federal agencies. The United States has never developed a national land-use plan because land use is considered a local concern.
Industry:Science
The scientific study of risk, the potential realization of undesirable consequences from hazards arising from a possible event, the assessment of the acceptability of the risks, and the management of unacceptable risks. For example, the probability of contracting lung cancer (unwanted consequence) is a risk caused by carcinogens (hazards) contained in second-hand tobacco smoke (event). The risk is estimated using scientific methods and then the acceptability of that risk is assessed by public health officials. Risk management is the term for the systematic analysis and control of risk, such as prohibiting smoking in public places. Risks are caused by exposure to hazards. Sudden hazards are referred to as acute (for example, a flash flood caused by heavy rains); prolonged hazards are referred to as chronic (for example, carcinogens in second-hand tobacco smoke and polluted air).
Industry:Science
The Mediterranean Sea lies between Europe, Asia Minor, and Africa. It is completely landlocked except for the Strait of Gibraltar, the Bosporus, and the Suez Canal. The Strait of Gibraltar is 13 mi (21 km) wide at the boundary between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean (Great Europa Point, Gibraltar, to Punta Almina, Ceuta), and the Bosporus is as narrow as 0.5 mi (0.8 km), widening to 2 mi (3 km) at the Black Sea boundary (Rumeli Burnu, European Turkey, to Anadolu Burnu, Asiatic Turkey). The Suez Canal, a human-made channel connecting the Mediterranean with the Red Sea, is 87.6 mi (141 km) long, about 270 ft (90 m) wide, and 35 ft (11 m) deep. In latitude the Mediterranean extends from 30°15<sup>′</sup>N in the Gulf of Sidra to 45°47<sup>′</sup>N in the Gulf of Trieste; in longitude, from 5°21<sup>′</sup>W at Great Europa Point to 36°12<sup>′</sup>E in the Gulf of Alexandretta.
Industry:Science
The name usually given to alkali feldspars which have a chemical composition ranging from Or<sub>40</sub>Ab<sub>60</sub> to Or<sub>10</sub>Ab<sub>90</sub>± up to approximately 20 mole % An (Or, Ab, An = KAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>, NaAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>, CaAl<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub>) and which deviate in one way or another from monoclinic symmetry tending toward triclinic symmetry. When found in nature, they usually do not consist of a single phase but are composed of two or more kinds of K- and Na-rich domains mostly of submicroscopic size. In addition, they are frequently polysynthetically twinned after either or both of the albite and pericline laws. It appears that they originally grew as the monoclinic monalbite phase inverting and unmixing in the course of cooling during geological times. They are typically found in lavas or high-temperature rocks.
Industry:Science
The Lost City Hydrothermal Field (LCHF) was serendipitously discovered in 2000 near the summit of the Atlantis Massif. The geology, chemistry, and biology of this venting system are different from anything previously found. The LCHF is located about 15 km (9 mi) west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and is characterized by tall (up to 60 m or 200 ft) limestone chimneys emitting 40–91°C (104–196°F) alkaline fluids that contain elevated concentrations of dissolved hydrogen and methane. The chemistry of the field is controlled by reactions between the underlying mantle rocks and seawater circulating within the mountain in a process called serpentinization. This hydration reaction produces heat, which helps drive hydrothermal circulation at this site. The LCHF is a new class of hydrothermal system that may yield insights into early life on Earth, and likely it is not unique within the ocean basins.
Industry:Science
The phylum of animals characterized by possession of a notochord, which includes the Cephalochordata (lancelets), Urochordata (tunicates), and Craniata (vertebrates and hagfishes). The phylum also may include the extinct Yunnanozoons and Vetulicolians. Members of the first two groups are small and strictly marine. The vertebrates include the fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals; they are usually free-living and are found in many environments from marine to freshwater and in almost all terrestrial biomes. Some workers include the acorn worms, pterobranchs, and graptolites (Hemichordata) as a subphylum within Chordata, but here it is considered as a separate phylum, because recent morphological and molecular data indicate these organisms are closely related to echinoderms and do not possess a notochord. However, the phylogenetic position of these animals is still controversial.
Industry:Science
The oldest of a family of crossed-field microwave electron tubes wherein electrons, generated from a heated cathode, move under the combined force of a radial electric field and an axial magnetic field. By its structure a magnetron causes moving electrons to interact synchronously with traveling-wave components of a microwave standing-wave pattern in such a manner that electron potential energy is converted to microwave energy with high efficiency. Magnetrons have been used since the 1940s as pulsed microwave radiation sources for radar tracking. Because of their compactness and the high efficiency with which they can emit short bursts of megawatt peak output power, they have proved excellent for installation in aircraft as well as in ground radar stations. In continuous operation, a magnetron can produce a kilowatt of microwave power, which is appropriate for rapid microwave cooking.
Industry:Science
The portion of the intestine that runs from the cecum to the rectum; in some mammals, it may be separated from the small intestine by an ileocecal valve. It is also known as the large intestine. The colon is usually divided into ascending, transverse, and descending portions. In the humans a fourth section, the sigmoid, is found. The colon is longer in herbivores and shorter in carnivores, and is about 4 to 6 ft (1 to 2 m) long in humans. Although no digestive enzymes are secreted in the colon, digestion is assisted by an alkaline fluid. Much digestion (for example, all breakdown of cellulose) occurs by bacteria, of which <i>Escherichia coli is</i> the most common. Most of the fluid added to the food during digestion is reabsorbed into the body in the colon. All digestive action, water absorption, and so on, is completed before the food materials pass out of the colon into the rectum.
Industry:Science
The study of the activities, functions, properties, and structures of cells. Cells were discovered in the middle of the seventeenth century after the microscope was invented. In the following two centuries, with steadily improved microscopes, cells were studied in a wide variety of plants, animals, and microorganisms, leading to the discovery of the cell nucleus and several other major cell parts. By the 1830s biologists recognized that all organisms are composed of cells, a realization that is now known as the Cell Doctrine. The Cell Doctrine constitutes the first major tenet upon which the contemporary science of cell biology is founded. By the late 1800s biologists had established that cells do not arise de novo, but come only by cell division, that is, division of a preexisting cell into two daughter cells. This is the second major tenet upon which the modern study of cells is based.
Industry:Science
