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DNA molecule originating from a virus, a plasmid, or the cell of a higher organism into which another DNA fragment of appropriate size can be integrated without loss of the vector's capacity for self-replication; vectors introduce foreign DNA into host cells, where the DNA can be reproduced in large quantities. Examples are plasmids, cosmids, and yeast artificial chromosomes; vectors are often recombinant molecules containing DNA sequences from several sources..
Industry:Biology
The instrumentation and procedures used to determine the order of nucleotides in DNA..
Industry:Biology
The X or Y chromosome in human beings that determines the sex of an individual. Females have two X chromosomes in diploid cells; males have an X and a Y chromosome. The sex chromosomes comprise the 23rd chromosome pair in a karyotype.
See also: autosome.
Industry:Biology
An instrument used to identify chemicals in a substance by their mass and charge..
Industry:Biology
Situation in which two different alleles for a genetic trait are both expressed.
See also: autosomal dominant, recessive gene.
Industry:Biology
Traits or diseases associated with the X or Y chromosome; generally seen in males.
See also: gene, mutation, sex chromosome.
Industry:Biology
Unit of length for DNA fragments equal to 1 million nucleotides and roughly equal to 1 cM.
See also: centimorgan.
Industry:Biology
Sequencing method that involves randomly sequenced cloned pieces of the genome, with no foreknowledge of where the piece originally came from. This can be contrasted with "directed" strategies, in which pieces of DNA from known chromosomal locations are sequenced. Because there are advantages to both strategies, researchers use both random (or shotgun) and directed strategies in combination to sequence the human genome.
See also: library, genomic library.
Industry:Biology
The process of two consecutive cell divisions in the diploid progenitors of sex cells. Meiosis results in four rather than two daughter cells, each with a haploid set of chromosomes.
See also: mitosis.
Industry:Biology
Nearly identical strains of an organism; they vary at only a single locus..
Industry:Biology
