- 行业: Government
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An inventory control system that replenishes and delivers products to a retailer just as a current supply is depleted.
Industry:Agriculture
Created in 1978, the facility is a cooperative effort between USDA’s World Agricultural Outlook Board and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce to collect, on an ongoing basis, global weather data and agricultural information to determine the impact of weather conditions on crop and livestock production. JAWF reports are followed closely not only by producers but also by commodity traders.
Industry:Agriculture
Managing irrigation applications based on the water-holding capacity of the soil and the need of the crop. The water is applied at a rate and in such a manner that the crop can use it efficiently and resource losses are minimized. Irrigation efficiency is the ratio of the amount of water stored in the crop root zone compared to the amount of water applied. Water conservation has become more important as costs have risen and demands have grown for wildlife and urban uses.
Industry:Agriculture
Part of artificially applied water that is not consumed by plants or evaporation, and that eventually "returns" to an aquifer or surface water body, such as a lake or stream. Commonly used when discussing water conservation techniques and measurement.
Industry:Agriculture
Applying water (or wastewater) to land areas to supply the water (and sometimes nutrient) needs of plants. Techniques for irrigating include furrow irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, trickle (or drip) irrigation, and flooding. About 51 million acres of land are irrigated in the United States. More acres of corn are irrigated than any other crop, but only about 15% of the harvested acres. In contrast, irrigation is used for 100% of rice, 81% of orchards, 64% of vegetables, and 36% of cotton. About 40% of freshwater withdrawals in the nation are for irrigation, making agriculture the single largest user of water. Nearly 90% of all irrigation water withdrawals are in the western states, where in some areas competition for available supplies among uses, including base stream flow, has become controversial. Consumptive use as a percent of withdrawals is about 61% for irrigation.
Industry:Agriculture
The process of exposing food or other items to radiation of various wavelengths in order to destroy contamination from undesirable organisms, achieve insect disinfestation or delay maturation. It is approved for most produce and some meat products. Recently the Food and Drug Administration approved its use and USDA proposed rules for its use in red meat products. While it has been used for produce and chicken in the Southeast, its expanded use is dependent on the construction of facilities on a wide-spread basis. There are various types of irradiation treatments (gamma, x-ray and ultraviolet) with various characteristics and limitations to consider in building irradiation facilities.
Industry:Agriculture
Inter-regional Project 4, also know as the Minor Crop Pest Management Program, is funded by CSREES to generate data to register pesticides and biological pest control agents for minor crops where there is no economic incentive to do so on the part of the pesticide manufacturing industry IR-4 provides coordination, funding, and scientific guidance for both field and laboratory research to develop data for the registration by the Environmental Protection Agency of pest control products on a wide variety of commodities. The program has been responsible for data to support over 2,074 food use clearances (1,127 of which were obtained during the past ten years), 3,602 ornamental registrations and, has supported research on 26 biopesticides which resulted in 18 minor use registrations. Each year, about 40% of all EPA newly registered pesticides are the result of IR-4 activities.
Industry:Agriculture
Alien (non-native) species of plants, animals, and pests whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. Executive Order 13112, issued February 8, 1999, seeks to prevent the introduction and minimize the impacts of invasive species through better federal agency coordination under a National Invasive Species Management Plan to be developed by an interagency Invasive Species Council. Examples of invasive species receiving recent attention include the Asian long-horned beetle, Africanized honeybees, zebra mussels, and the Formosan termite. APHIS carries out inspection and quarantine programs at U.S. ports of entry to prevent entry of invasive species. A number of laws are aimed at prevention and control, including among others the Plant Quarantine Act, the Animal Damage Control Act, the Federal Seed Act, the Federal Plant Pest Act, the Federal Noxious Weed Act, the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act, and the Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act.
Industry:Agriculture
The federal-state-industry cooperative body which manages the National Shellfish Sanitation Program.
Industry:Agriculture
Replaced in 1995 by the International Grains Agreement.
Industry:Agriculture
