Since the discovery of human fossils at the Sierra de Atapuerca in northern Spain in 1979, there has been an extensive series of finds at several sites within this complex of caves. Overall, these human fossils are important finds that have contributed to clarifying the patterns and processes of human evolution in Europe and, by extension, to understanding the evolution of the genus Homo. Many questions have been posed and partially solved by the study of the Atapuerca finds: When did the first humans arrive in Europe? What was their genetic origin? How many waves of immigrants reached this continent? What was the origin of the Neanderthals? Thus, the Atapuerca finds have proven to be of key importance for the study of human evolution.