Scientists are working toward the realization of implantable bio-interfaced electronics and bioneural computers. At the forefront of this research is the biocompatible semiconductor, nanostructured silicon. Bio-interfaced electronics rely on developing the ability to culture (grow) living cells on semiconductors—the semiconductor and cell must be mutually compatible—and being able to pass signals (information) between the cells and semiconductors. If the research is successful, a new generation of medical (optical, aural, and locomotory) and computing devices will emerge. But to be successful, the seemingly disparate technologies of computing, physics, and biotechnology must work together.