Harnessing the precision and efficiency of enzymes for catalysis of chemical reactions holds great promise for many industries. Enzymes are proteins, linear chains of amino acids that fold into complex three-dimensional structures. They catalyze the myriad chemical reactions in all living organisms. Because enzymes have a strong preference for acting on one particular substrate, they require less starting material and produce less waste than many conventional catalytic processes. In addition, they can catalyze intricate reactions which are inaccessible by any other method.