Humans throughout history have created environments conducive to the natural production of chemicals by organisms, or have produced chemicals to achieve the various marvels that shape the world. Beginning with the earliest production of alcohol by fermentation of grape juice, all the way to the formation of complex industrial polymers that surround us today, chemicals have been exploited to make various processes possible, easier, or more enjoyable. Household and industrial cleaners, pesticides, herbicides, cosmetics, dyes, paints, fuel additives, lubricants, plastics, and many other chemical entities have molded a world unrecognizable without them.