Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology has been used to produce a high-performance electronic “camera on a chip.” CMOS technology is used for most microelectronic circuits such as microprocessors, memory, and application-specific integrated circuits. The main advantages of the CMOS-based approach to image capture, compared to charge-coupled-device technology, are reduced system power consumption, greater system miniaturization, and lower cost. Pixel arrays as large as 1024 × 1024 elements and pixel sizes as small as 5.6 × 5.6 micrometers have been demonstrated. On-chip, analog-to-digital converters that have 8-bit resolution and permit video-rate (30-frames-per-second) operation have been developed.