Collectively, the various biological sciences concerned with the study of organisms and their components when exposed to the environment of space (or of a spacecraft beyond the immediate influence of Earth and its atmosphere). Space biology studies include all the biological science disciplines, such as molecular, cellular, developmental, environmental, behavioral, and radiation biology; physiology; medicine; biophysics; and biochemistry. Space biology encompasses both basic and applied sciences, and focuses on using space research to understand and resolve biological problems on Earth, as well as alleviating or preventing the deleterious physiological changes associated with space flight or habitation in non-Earth environments.