The ability of animals to survive and function at widely different temperatures is a result of specific physiological adaptations. Temperature is an all-pervasive attribute of the environment that limits the activity, distribution, and survival of animals. Ocean temperatures range from 28 to 86°F (−2 to 30°C), but considerably warmer temperatures are found near deep-sea hydrothermal vents (up to 662°F or 350°C), backwaters of desert streams (109°F or 43°C), and geothermal springs (194–212°F or 90–100°C). Air temperatures range from −94°F (−70°C) in polar regions to 176°F (80°C) at the desert surface. Although some bacteria and blue-green algae live at temperatures up to 230°F (110°C), life processes are generally restricted to the temperatures between 32 and 113°F (0 and 45°C), and most animals live within an even narrower range. Limits for reproduction and development are generally narrower than those for survival of adults.