- 行业: Printing & publishing
- Number of terms: 178089
- Number of blossaries: 0
- Company Profile:
McGraw Hill Financial, Inc. is an American publicly traded corporation headquartered in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its primary areas of business are financial, publishing, and business services.
Any of a ubiquitous class of enzymes that catalyze the unwinding of double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) into single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). In all organisms (other than some viruses), genetic information is locked within a double helix formed by two antiparallel DNA strands. Although dsDNA is suitable for secure information storage, hydrogen bonds formed between complementary bases (Watson-Crick base pairing) impair readout of this information by the cellular machineries that frequently require ssDNA as the template. The unwinding of dsDNA into ssDNA that is catalyzed by DNA helicases is a function critical for virtually every aspect of cellular DNA metabolism including replication, recombination, and repair.
Industry:Science
Any type of electronic camera that is located underwater in order to collect and display images. It must be packaged in a waterproof housing. The underwater camera may be packaged with its own recording device, or it can be attached to a television that is located on a ship, in a laboratory, or at a remote site. In the latter case, the images by the camera are called real-time images, as they are available at the same time that the camera is recording them. An underwater television may be used for sport, ocean exploration, industrial applications, or military purposes. Common imaged subjects are animals, coral reefs, underwater shipwrecks, and underwater structures such as piers, bridges, and offshore oil platforms.
Industry:Science
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology has been used to produce a high-performance electronic “camera on a chip.” CMOS technology is used for most microelectronic circuits such as microprocessors, memory, and application-specific integrated circuits. The main advantages of the CMOS-based approach to image capture, compared to charge-coupled-device technology, are reduced system power consumption, greater system miniaturization, and lower cost. Pixel arrays as large as 1024 × 1024 elements and pixel sizes as small as 5.6 × 5.6 micrometers have been demonstrated. On-chip, analog-to-digital converters that have 8-bit resolution and permit video-rate (30-frames-per-second) operation have been developed.
Industry:Science
Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) is naturally abundant, relatively nontoxic, and nonflammable. It is one of the least expensive organic solvents currently available. Because of its green characteristics, that is, it is environmentally benign, carbon dioxide has been employed commercially as a solvent in food processing (for example, decaffeination of coffee and tea and extraction of hops), in reduced-emission coating systems, in production of polyurethane and polystyrene foams free of chlorofluorocarbons, and in extraction of organic contaminants from dredged material. These processes can involve high-capacity plants—over 50 × 10<sup>6</sup> lb (22.5 × 10<sup>6</sup> kg) per year in the case of decaffeination processes.
Industry:Science
Fingerprint identification is the world's most widely used and trusted method of biometric identification. Fingerprint identification exploits the variability of the patterns formed by papillary ridges (the corrugated ridges that swirl around and across the fingertips). Historically, the two primary uses of fingerprint identification have been for criminal record-keeping and for forensic identification. Fingerprints are also used for civilian identification purposes, such as controlling access to entitlements (government benefits), keeping motor vehicle records, and immigration control. Due to recent innovations in fingerprints scanners, fingerprints are increasingly used for civil identification and security purposes.
Industry:Science
Global biogeochemical cycles can be defined as any of the natural circulation pathways through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphere of the essential elements of living matter. These elements in various forms flow from the nonliving (abiotic) to the living (biotic) components of the biosphere and back to the nonliving again. Research on the biogeochemical cycles focuses on seven of the major elements that make up more than 95% of all living species: hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, oxygen, and the major nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon. These elements combine in various ways. Here we will focus on carbon and sulfur due to their importance for feedback with the climate and for environmental concerns.
Industry:Science
Any inflammation of a bursa. Bursae are synovial pouches, positioned to minimize friction between moving parts of the body. They are cystic in appearance and are filled with fluid. More than 80 bursae have been identified on each side of the body around joints and between tendons, muscles, and ligaments. In many cases, they are continuous with or near a regular joint cavity. It is generally thought that bursae exist as normal but irregularly apparent structures, but there is some evidence that they are pathologic alterations of connective tissue produced by irritation and friction. In any case, they rarely produce symptoms unless inflammation occurs. Bursitis most often occurs near the shoulder, hip, elbow, or knee.
Industry:Science
Hypothetical thin tubes that carry very large amounts of vacuum energy. They belong to the class of objects known as topological defects. As the universe expands, its temperature decreases and its microscopic properties, such as the strength with which fundamental particles interact, sometime change abruptly in what are called phase transitions. A well-known example of such a transition is when water freezes into ice when the temperature drops below 0°C (32°F). Strings are predicted to form at these transitions. In this context, the lowest energy state of the universe, which is called the “vacuum” although it is not necessarily empty, can have a nontrivial structure in space, and strings appear as defects in this structure.
Industry:Science
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the common structure that forms the basic building blocks of life. Every nucleated cell in our body contains a copy of the 3 billion letters that comprise our unique DNA sequence. DNA sequencing is the process by which the precise order of the adenines (A), cytosines (C), guanines (G), and thymines (T), which are the nucleotide bases that comprise this DNA code, are determined. The first organism sequenced was the 5386 bases pairs (bp) of bacteriophage X174 by Frederick Sanger and colleagues in 1978. Since then, progress has been extremely rapid, with the generation of the sequences of viruses and numerous bacteria, culminating in the global effort to determine the sequence of the human genome.
Industry:Science
As markets reach their saturation limits for many products and as customers grow more demanding, it becomes necessary for manufacturing industries to produce customized products of high quality at lower cost and quicker pace. Modern manufacturing industries are trying to achieve these goals with the help of technologies such as flexible manufacturing systems, computer-aided manufacturing, and computer-integrated manufacturing, and with information and communication systems. As a key component of these technologies, on-line process monitoring makes it possible to build integrated, adaptive, and high-speed manufacturing systems capable of operating with minimal human supervision to produce high-quality products at reduced cost.
Industry:Science
