- 行业: Printing & publishing
- Number of terms: 178089
- Number of blossaries: 0
- Company Profile:
McGraw Hill Financial, Inc. is an American publicly traded corporation headquartered in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its primary areas of business are financial, publishing, and business services.
In computing, an ontology is a formal specification of a topic. It is used to define a common terminology for a specific subject or domain (for example, e-commerce, medical guidelines, chemistry). Ontologies can be implemented in varied languages. Some of these languages were created, during the 1990s, specifically for implementing ontologies. Other general languages were also used for that task. Recently, a new generation of ontology markup languages has appeared in the context of the Semantic Web, an extension of the World Wide Web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation. Ontologies play a key role in the Semantic Web as a way of representing the semantics of documents and enabling the semantics to be used by Web applications and intelligent agents (for example, Web-searching software).
Industry:Science
Any of a group of malignant neoplasms derived from cells endogenous to lymphoid tissue. Lymphomas are grouped into two major categories: Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Lymphomas usually originate in the lymph nodes located throughout the body, but they can arise from lymphoid tissue that does not form distinct nodes, such as that in the gastrointestinal tract or lung. Determination of the specific variety of Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was formerly based on the appearance of the cells when examined under a light microscope. Identification now relies on the nature of the cells with respect to certain substances (antigens) that they have on their surface or within their cytoplasm. For clinical purposes, lymphomas are categorized into three grades, low, intermediate, and high, with low-grade lymphomas having the best prognosis.
Industry:Science
Human agents, such as travel agents, insurance agents, and real-estate agents, are common. The Agency Theory in economics proposes that complex organizations must employ representatives (agents) to supervise and manage the organization's operations. Such agents operate on behalf of their organizations and interact with clients to accomplish specific economic goals, for instance, planning travel, issuing insurance policies, or executing realty transactions. With the increasing influence of information technologies on economic activities, artificial agents have begun to assume a similar role. Artificial, computer-based agents also operate as intermediaries in complex organizations and perform their functions with specific goals. They are called intelligent because they are part of artificial intelligence and their intelligence can be designed by their programmer.
Industry:Science
Brucellosis, caused by <i>Brucella abortus,</i> is enzootic among the free-ranging bison (<i>Bison bison</i>) herds of Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks (Wyoming), Wood Buffalo National Park (Canada), and a privately owned herd in South Dakota. There have previously been numerous infected herds, both private and public. The presence of the disease in the free-ranging bison and possible control measures have led to much controversy among ranchers (who fear transmission to cattle), governmental agencies, environmentalists, and other interested individuals and organizations. Lawsuits, many meetings, media publicity, and other reactions to the problem have occurred. The climax came during the winter of 1996–1997, when over 1000 bison were slaughtered as they migrated from Yellowstone National Park and an additional 600 starved because of the severe weather.
Industry:Science
Any device connected internally or externally to a computer and used in the transfer of data to or from a computer. A personal computer (PC) or workstation processes information. Data (unprocessed information) must get into the computer, and the processed information must get out. Information is entered and displayed on a wide variety of accessory devices called peripherals, which are also known as input/output (I/O) devices. Some peripherals (such as keyboards) are only input devices, others (such as most printers) are only output devices, and some are both. Peripherals may be located inside or outside a computer's case (called an internal or external device, respectively). The I/O bus is the collection of circuits where an internal device is attached. An I/O port (such as parallel or serial port) is a connector where an external device is connected (plugged in).
Industry:Science
Any of a group of plants which are mostly annual and perennial legumes with weak viny stems often terminating in tendrils. There are about 150 species in the temperate zones of four continents. The leaves are compound with many leaflets. Vetches are used mainly for green manure, cover crops, hay, and pasture and silage. The seeds are used as concentrate in animal feeds, and some vetches are used as a vegetable for human consumption. Cool temperatures promote best development. Seed is sown in the fall in the Southern United States and in early spring in the Northern states. In general, are vetches more tolerant of acidic soil conditions than are most legume crops, but they have a relatively high requirement for phosphorus. Inoculation of seed with nodule-forming bacteria for symbiotic nitrogen fixation is necessary if vetch has not been previously grown in the field.
Industry:Science
Clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks that are pigmented by red ferric oxide which coats grains, fills pores as cement, or is dispersed as a muddy matrix. These conspicuously colored rocks commonly constitute thick sequences of nonmarine, paralic (marginal marine), and less commonly shallow marine deposits. Clastic redbeds accumulated in many parts of the globe during the past 10<sup>9</sup> years of Earth history.
They were among the first sedimentary deposits to be considered climatic indicators, because their color was assumed to reflect a unique, identifiable condition of deposition. On the contrary, development of red pigment in most redbeds was complex and is difficult to decipher in detail. Ferric oxides also pigment marine chert, limestone, and cherty iron formations and ooidal ironstones, but these chemical deposits are not usually included among redbeds.
Industry:Science
Early detection is critical to the clinical outcome in the treatment of cancers. As an example, colon cancer accounts for 15% of all cancer-related deaths in the United States. Unfortunately, only 37% percent of colon cancers are found early enough for moderate treatment. Once this type of cancer reaches metastatic activity (spreads), there is only a 7% survival rate. Oral cancer is another example. Each year about 31,000 Americans develop oral cancer. Squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for 95% of all malignant oral lesions, and it has a survival rate of only 50%. Yet when this type of cancer is detected in its earliest stages, the survival rate becomes approximately 80%. In cancers of the esophagus, the 5-year survival rate is only 5%. In contrast, if this type of cancer is detected when it is still contained in the mucosa, the 5-year survival rate becomes 90%.
Industry:Science
Erosion is the result of processes that entrain and transport earth materials along coastlines, in streams, and on hillslopes. Wind and water are common agents through which forces are applied to resistant rocks, soils, or other unconsolidated materials. Erosion types often are designated on the basis of the agent: wind erosion, fluvial erosion, and glacial erosion. Fluvial erosion usually has been regarded as the most effective type in shaping the land surface during recent geologic time. Under certain environmental conditions, however, wind erosion moves considerable quantities of earth materials, as demonstrated during the “dust bowl” years in the United States. Glacial erosion shaped much of the land surface during the Quaternary Period of geologic time. Each type of erosion produces distinctive landforms, contributing to the diversity of terrestrial landscapes.
Industry:Science
Detectors of energetic charged particles that make use of radiation emitted as the particle crosses boundaries between regions with different indices of refraction. An energetic charged particle moving through matter momentarily polarizes the material nearby. If the particle crosses a boundary where the index of refraction changes, the change in polarization gives rise to the emission of electromagnetic transition radiation. About one photon is emitted for every 100 boundaries crossed, for transitions between air and matter of ordinary density. Transition radiation is emitted even if the velocity of the particle is less than the light velocity of a given wavelength, in contrast to Cerenkov radiation. Consequently, this radiation can take place in the x-ray region of the spectrum where there is no Cerenkov radiation, because the index of refraction is less than one.
Industry:Science
