- 行业: Printing & publishing
- Number of terms: 178089
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- Company Profile:
McGraw Hill Financial, Inc. is an American publicly traded corporation headquartered in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its primary areas of business are financial, publishing, and business services.
Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is a technique used to probe and sense material structure and properties without causing damage. It has become an extremely diverse and multidisciplinary technology, drawing on the fields of applied physics, artificial intelligence, biomedical engineering, computer science, electrical engineering, electronics, materials science and engineering, mechanical engineering, and structural engineering. Historically, NDE techniques have been used almost exclusively for detection of macroscopic defects (mostly cracks) in structures which have been manufactured or placed in service. Using NDE for this purpose is usually referred to as nondestructive testing (NDT).
Industry:Science
Low-density dust or gas that fills the space in a planetary system around or between the planets. Most interplanetary matter in the inner solar system is dust created by collisions among asteroids or released by comets as they pass by the Sun. Ionized gas, launched at high speeds from the Sun as the solar wind, also permeates the solar system and creates a variety of important electromagnetic effects where it interacts with planets. Viewed from a nearby star, the interplanetary matter around the Sun would outshine the Earth. Recent detections of large quantities of similar material around other stars—many of which appear to harbor planets—have rekindled widespread interest in this subject.
Industry:Science
Scientists are working toward the realization of implantable bio-interfaced electronics and bioneural computers. At the forefront of this research is the biocompatible semiconductor, nanostructured silicon. Bio-interfaced electronics rely on developing the ability to culture (grow) living cells on semiconductors—the semiconductor and cell must be mutually compatible—and being able to pass signals (information) between the cells and semiconductors. If the research is successful, a new generation of medical (optical, aural, and locomotory) and computing devices will emerge. But to be successful, the seemingly disparate technologies of computing, physics, and biotechnology must work together.
Industry:Science
In response to either infection or immunization with a foreign agent, the immune system generates many different antibodies that bind to the foreign molecules. Individual antibodies within this polyclonal antibody pool bind to specific sites on a target molecule known as epitopes. Isolation of an individual antibody within the polyclonal antibody pool would allow biochemical and biological characterization of a highly specific molecular entity targeting only a single epitope. Realization of the therapeutic potential of such specificity launched research into the development of methods to isolate and continuously generate a supply of a single lineage of antibody, a monoclonal antibody (mAb).
Industry:Science
In general, the wireless local area network (LAN) technology based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard. It enables computing devices to wirelessly exchange data with each other or with a wired network over a distance of up to about 300 ft (90 m), in a normal office environment, using unlicensed portions of the radio-frequency spectrum. Strictly speaking, Wi-Fi® technology refers to wireless LAN technologies that have passed interoperability tests designed by the Wi-Fi Alliance, an industry organization of vendors of 802.11 wireless LAN products. Such tests are focused on selected portions of the IEEE 802.11 standard and, sometimes, draft standards.
Industry:Science
Since the mid-1960s, miniaturization has been a dominant theme in technology, especially in the electronics industry. Simple extrapolation of the computers of the 1960s would have predicted that the powerful desktop computers of today would have to be as large as buildings. This miniaturization of electronic components is primarily the result of advances in lithography for the fabrication of integrated circuits. This process involves using electromagnetic radiation, such as light, to carve very small devices from large ones. However, it is generally believed that there are limitations to this top-down approach for construction of small devices, particularly with sizes in the nanometer range.
Industry:Science
Space flight in 2006 continued its recent trend of slow but steady growth in human and robotic activities, moving forward in its two dominant themes: commercial utilization of low and geosynchronous orbits, and expansion of human presence in space toward exploration farther outward from Earth's boundaries. Based on the number of launches to orbit plus the number of launched satellite payloads, the utilization of space, which had reached its lowest level since 1961 in 2004 and remained on that level in 2005, in 2006 showed signs of reversing this trend. After staying 2 consecutive years at 55 total space launch attempts worldwide, in 2006 the number climbed to 66 (including four that failed).
Industry:Science
In the late 1950s and early 1960s Rudolph A. Marcus developed a theory for treating the rates of outer-sphere electron-transfer reactions. In outer-sphere reactions an electron is transferred from a donor to an acceptor without any chemical bonds being made or broken. (Electron-transfer reactions in which bonds are made or broken are referred to as inner-sphere reactions.) Marcus derived several useful expressions, one of which has come to be known as the Marcus cross-relation or the Marcus equation. It is widely used for correlating and predicting electron-transfer rates. For contributions to the understanding of electron-transfer reactions, Marcus received the 1992 Nobel prize in chemistry.
Industry:Science
Polymers often have been built in highly defined molecular configurations and conformations. In many modern functional materials, the arrangement of their molecules dictates their properties and uses. As the structure of functional polymers becomes more complex, their directed synthesis is more elaborate, in particular aiming at the exact positioning of functional groups onto sites of medium and large molecules. Click chemistry, often described as being analogous to the fastening (“click”) of two ends of a buckle, is a highly valuable tool for simple reactions between large molecules and molecule fragments, thus representing an ideal method for generating complex macromolecules and materials.
Industry:Science
One of the two commonly recognized subkingdoms of plants. In contrast to the more closely knit subkingdom Embryobionta, the Thallobionta (also called Thallophyta) are diverse in pigmentation, food reserves, cell-wall structure, and flagellar structure. They still form a natural group, however, in that they are all probably derived from ancestors which would be referred to the Thallobionta, without the intervention of any ancestors which would have to be referred to other groups. The Thallobionta are here considered to include seven divisions, the Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Pyrrophyta, Chrysophyta, Phaeophyta, and Fungi. All these groups have both modern and fossil representatives.
Industry:Science
